2nd Semester Biology Final

Ch. 10:

Be able to describe the limits of cell growth.

1.        DNA overload- Being tasked with too much

2.        Material Exchange Problem- SA limits V

Solution: Cell division

Know the differences of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Sexual- Two parents; increase genetic variation; unique hybrids.

Asexual-One Parent; Low genetic variation; clones

Sexual (Find partner, high genetic diversity)

Asexual (No need to find partner; low genetic diversity)

Sexual can survive in a changing environment because of genetic variation.

Be able to list and describe the events of the Cell Cycle.

G1 – Growth (Size organelles)

S- DNA replicates

G2- Growth (Prep for Mitosis)

M- Mitosis

Be able to summarize the purpose of Mitosis.

To make and move chromosomes.

Be able to summarize the phases of Mitosis. (PMAT)

Prophase- Condense DNA (chromosome) – Breaking down nucleus.

Metaphase- Chromosomes in the middle

Anaphase- Split to poles.

Telophase- DNA spreads out; puts nucleus back together (opposite of prophase)

Cytokinesis- Cell moving; Actual Cell Division

Plant- New cell wall

Animal cell- Pinches two sides off  (Cleeve)

Be able to summarize ways that cell growth is regulated and what happens when it is not regulated.

Regulate with -

Internal: Cyclin

External Growth Hormones

Cell not regulated – Cancer.

Be able to describe the importance and kinds of stem cells.

Unspecialized cells– early/young life;

Kinds of stem cells: zygotes; totipotent-pluripotent-multipotent

(Can be found in umbilical chords)

Important for medicine, Cause growth, Cause healing. Cells are communicating with other cells to promote growth, recovery/healing.

Ch. 11.

Be able to list and describe different patterns of inheritance.

Gregor Mendel steps- True Breeding, Cross Breeding. So he could figure where traits came from (track traits)

Patterns of inheritance:

Dominance-

Recessiveness-

Incomplete Dominance- Blends together (Smoothie; mixed skin tone)

Codominance-Both are showing simultaneously, independently (Salad)

Multiple Alleles- Many things contributing to that trait.

Polygenetic- Multiple genes contributed.

Why is genetics probability instead of certainty?

Probability= “Likeliness”

We can predict what traits they will have, but there is too many factors involved which means there is always a level of uncertainty.

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

We are sexually reproductive organisms. So, we need a system

To make ½ cells (Genetics) because ½+ ½ = A baby

Haploids (egg/Sperm)

What happens in Meiosis to make all resulting cells genetically unique?

Meiosis I: Metaphase I- Crossing over  (Gene shuffling) makes the cells genetically unique

Independent Assortment – Chromosomes do not influence each other’s inheritance. (One trait is not caused because of another.)

 Ch. 12.

Describe the 3 roles of DNA.

·      Copy Info

·      Store Info

·      Pass/ Transmit Info

Describe the complete structure of DNA.

Double Helix

-(Sugar phosphate, Backbone)

-5 Carbon sugar (Deoxyribose)

-Nitrogenous Bases (Adenine Thymine Geunine Consinsene)

All make up a Nucleotide.

Come together with Hydrogen Bonding. (Bonds the DNA, and tis weak enough to open and access info inside.)

Describe DNA Replication.

Split, Copy, Copy

Split- DNA Helicase (Splits Hydrogen Bond; Splits Helix)

Copy BOTH SIDES!

Copy: DNA polymerase- makes new DNA (Fills in missing sides after DNA helicase splits them); Fills missing bases

Ch. 13

Contrast DNA and RNA.

List and describe 3 kinds of RNA.

1.        Messenger RNA- code

2.        rRNA (ribosome)- acts as printer

3.        tRNA (transfer)- ink cartage

Summarize Transcription.

3-4 sentences

Basically, means to make a copy. DNA- turning into messenger RNA.

Where is it doing that? -Happening in the nucleus

How is it doing that? – Using molecules called RNA polymerase rather than DNA polymerase + a promoter.

Happens in cytoplasm if not eukaryote

Promoter- Tells them to make this (A commander in control.)

Summarize Translation.

Where does it happen? Out of the Nucleus.

tRNA – Anti codon

Protein=Homeostasis

Codons (set of 3)

Operation of tRNA. (Watch video on tRNA)

Codon aligns with anticodon and codon

Codon + Amino acid= Allows protein to be built

End goal: To make proteins which tribute to HOMEOSTASIS.

List and describe different kinds of mutations.

Point Mutation- 1- to a few nucleotides (Small amount of DNA)

List:

Insertion-Frame shift (It changes every codon after it, changes protein sequence, if

wrong protein sequence usually a disease)

Substitution

Insertion

Chromosomal – Too much or too little chromosomes (Massive amount of DNA)

List:

Insertion: Frame shift (It changes every codon after it, changes protein sequence, if

wrong protein sequence usually a disease)

Insertions

Substitutions

Duplication- A piece of the chromosome doubles

Translocation- Deletion and Insertion

Polyploidy-Makes larger structures of plants.

Ch. 16.

What scientists and ideas contributed to Darwinism?

Uniformitarianism and Deep Time (Huttson, Lyell)

Organisms can change and inherit change (Lamark)

Competition drives change (Malfus)

Organisms grow and change over deep time (Darwin)

Contrast Natural Selection to Artificial Selection.

What are the 3 parts to Natural Selection?

What are the primary evidences for Darwinism and rebuttals?

What are other scientific evidences that do not support Darwinism?

Ch. 17.

Why is genetic variation important? What are 3 sources of genetic variation?

What is the purpose of the bell curve in Biology?

Describe 3 different kinds of bell curves.

Summarize the importance and describe the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

A set 5 conditions an idea of a set of conditions that disrupt equilibrium or causes evolution.

Measures of how much change

You can also think of it as the opposite:

A set of 5 conditions that cause equilibrium or disrupts evolution.

To disturb equilibrium (Cause evolution)

-       Non-random mating (Causes natural selection)

-       Small population size (Cause evolution, limited size, small gene pool)

-       Immigration or Emigration (New members coming in or leaving)

-       Mutations

-       Natural Selection

Cause Equilibrium (Disrupt Evolution)

-       Random mating

-       Large population size

-       No immigration or emigration

-       No mutations

-       No Natural Selection