HBS FINAL EOC REVIEW

Teacher Study Guide

Cohort Patient

The patient for whom students create a physical therapy and wellness plan. Cohort patient options are Jackson, Prue, Dillon, Hazel, and Ren.

Cohort Patient Partner

A pair of students who work together to discuss the same cohort patient, gather and document information on their Cohort Patient Chart, develop a physical therapy and wellness plan, and build anatomy related to their cohort patient on their Maniken®.

PT Cohort

A group of five students, all with different cohort patients.

Cohort Patient Chart

A document students use to record medical information, sketches, and a care and rehabilitation plan for their cohort patient.

GNMH Outpatient Center Portal

A digital space for students to access information related to their cohort patient.

Tissue

Collections of similar cells that help perform a common function. A group of tissues is called an organ.

Nervous Tissue

Located in nerves, spinal cord, brain; functions include communicating, receiving, and responding to signals.

Epithelial Tissue

Located on outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels, in the mouth, on skin; functions include absorbing, secreting, protecting, and sensing.

Muscle Tissue

Includes all muscles of the body; functions include contracting and moving.

Connective Tissue

Supporting and connecting other tissue types, holding organs in place, attaching muscles to bones, linking bones with joints, and enabling other tissues to stretch.

Orbicularis oculi

A circular muscle around the eye socket that opens and closes the eyelids.

Orbicularis oris

A circular muscle around the mouth that allows the lips to move.

Temporalis

Flat muscles on the sides of the head that connect to the mandible and allow it to move and chew.

Physical therapy strategies

Examples include an eye patch to cover the eye if it cannot close, eye rinses or medications that clean and treat conditions of the eye, initiation exercises for facial movement, facilitation exercises to strengthen facial muscles, coordination and movement control exercises for specific movements, and relaxation techniques to help muscles recover.

Bone

Stronger than concrete (pound for pound) and stronger than any other natural material; cells are hollow with paper-thin walls, giving bone its lightweight structure.

Calcium and phosphorus in bone

Give bone its rigid strength, but ~ ½ of bone mass is soft and alive, allowing bones flexibility to bend.

Bone cell replacement

Every bone cell is replaced every 7 years, keeping bone strong.

Flat Bone

A layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone containing marrow, but no marrow cavity; examples include Frontal, Parietal, Occipital.

Long Bone

A shaft with two ends, more long than wide, and a marrow-filled cavity; examples include Humerus, Femur, Radius.

Short Bone

Roughly cubic in shape, consisting mostly of spongy bone.

Carpals

Wrist bones that are irregular in shape.

Tarsals

Ankle bones that are irregular in shape.

Irregular bones

Thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone, in atypical shapes.

Vertebrae

Irregular bones that make up the spine.

Sacrum

A triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by the fusion of several vertebrae.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone, which is irregular in shape.

Osteoblasts

Cells that form new bone tissue and produce the organic part of bone (osteoid).

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue, releasing minerals and stored materials.

Bone Remodeling

The process where osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone strength and integrity.

Stages of Healing

Four main stages: 1. Inflammation, 2. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, 3. Formation of a bony callus, 4. Remodeling and addition of compact bone.

Femur Repair

The process of repairing a fractured femur using different methods.

Plating

A method of femur repair that involves a large incision and can be used on all fracture geometries.

Nailing

A method of femur repair that involves a small incision and is used on a select number of fracture geometries.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated and voluntary muscle attached to bone that allows movement.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in digestive and urinary organs that aids in blood flow and digestion.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated and involuntary muscle found in the heart that pumps blood through the cardiovascular system.

Epimysium

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue that forms casings for bundles of muscle fibers.

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber.

Fascicle

A small cluster of muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium.

Muscle Rules

Guidelines for muscle function, including attachment points and movement mechanics.

Flexors

Muscles that decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of the body.

Extensors

Muscles that increase the angle between ventral surfaces of the body.

Plexus

The network of nerves and blood vessels running throughout muscle tissue.

Trapezius

A muscle shaped like a trapezoid located in the upper back.

Gluteus Maximus

The largest muscle in the gluteal group.

Frontalis

A muscle located on the frontal bone of the skull.

Orbicularis Oculi

A muscle with fibers that form a circle around the eye.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Flexes the hand at the wrist.

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Extends the foot and toes upward.

Sternocleidomastoid

Has origins on the breastbone (sternum) and the collar bone (clavicle) and insertions on the mastoid process of the skull's temporal bone.

Brachioradialis

Has an origin on the brachium or arm and an insertion on the radius.

Biceps Brachii

Has two origins on the scapula.

Triceps Brachii

Has three origins on the scapula and humerus.

Pectoralis Minor

Originates from the anterior surface of ribs 3-5 and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula.

Abdominal Head of the Pectoralis Major

Originates from ribs 5-7 (fascia of the abdominal muscles) and inserts on the lateral edge of the most proximal part of the humerus.

Sternal Head of the Pectoralis Major

Originates from ribs 1-5 on the lateral edge of the sternum and inserts on the lateral edge of the humerus.

Clavicular Head of the Pectoralis Major

Originates from the medial half of the inferior edge of the clavicle and inserts on the lateral edge of the proximal humerus.

Fibrous Joint

A fixed, or immovable, joint that connects bones, made primarily of collagen.

Cartilaginous Joint

A joint that has some motion with hyaline cartilage present in the space between articulating bones.

Synovial Joint

A moveable joint that contains synovial fluid in the space around it to reduce friction; the most common type of joint in the body.

Range of Motion (ROM)

The extent of movement of a joint.

Rotation

Moving around the longitudinal axis of the bone either toward the midline or away from the midline.

Circumduction

Moving in a circular motion.

Abduction

Moving away from the axis, or midline, of the body.

Adduction

Moving toward the axis, or midline, of the body.

Elevation

Moving in an upward direction.

Depression

Moving in a downward direction.

Flexion

Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between bones.

Extension

Straightening of a joint that increases the angle between bones.

Hyperextension

Excessive straightening beyond the normal range of motion.

Plantar Flexion

Bending the ankle pointing toes toward the ground.

Dorsiflexion

Bending at the ankle to lift the toes toward the knee.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Connects the anterior side of the tibia to the posterior side of the femur, keeping the tibia from sliding forward (anteriorly) on the femur.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Connects the posterior side of the tibia to the anterior side of the femur; a PCL injury usually occurs with sudden, direct impact.

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

Connects the medial side of the tibia to the medial side of the femur and prevents the knee from separating out laterally.

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Connects the lateral side of the femur to the top part of the fibula and prevents the knee from bending inward.

Passive ROM Exercises

Exercises where the therapist moves the limb around the stiff joint, gently stretching muscles.

Kinesiology Tape

A stretchy, movable tape used by therapists to change muscle tone, move lymphatic fluids, correct movement patterns, and improve posture.

ROM Exercises

Includes exercises such as Heel Slides, Single Leg Bridge, Standing Quad Stretch, and Ankle Inversion with Band.

Principles of Ethics

Refers to moral values that affect how a person thinks and behaves, guiding decisions about right and wrong.

Personal Integrity

Acting in line with your internal conscience, including being truthful, reliable, responsible, and empathetic.

Justice (Ethical Perspective)

Treat others equally and fairly; respect others and their rights.

Virtue (Ethical Perspective)

Be a good person; be honest, courageous, compassionate, and forgive others.

Outcome (Ethical Perspective)

Find solutions where the positive impacts outweigh the negative consequences.

Care (Ethical Perspective)

Take responsibility to reduce pain and suffering and protect the vulnerable.

Hippocratic Oath

The first recorded expression of medical ethics, highlighting the importance of ethics in the biomedical science profession.

HIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act adopted in 1996 to provide standards for healthcare-related electronic transactions.

Protected Health Information

Individually identifiable health information that must be kept confidential, including demographic data.

Confidentiality in Healthcare

Professionals must take all precautions necessary to keep all individually identifiable health information confidential.

Protected Health Information

Information that identifies an individual and relates to their health status, healthcare, or payment for healthcare.

Patient Records Privacy

Patient records should not be left in public space unattended, where they are easily accessible to unauthorized people.

Disclosure to Family Members

Professionals may disclose protected health information to a family member or other person involved when the individual is present during the disclosure.

Communication with Patients

Professionals are permitted to communicate with patients regarding their health care, including through the mail or by phone.

Payment Information Sharing

Providing information needed for payment of benefits or health coverage.

Public Health Law Disclosure

Disclosing information to specific agencies as required by public health laws for the purpose of controlling infectious disease, preventing injury, preventing child abuse, neglect, or domestic violence, and preventing any serious threat to public health or safety.

Workers' Compensation Compliance

Complying with workers' compensation laws.

Legal Proceedings Information

Providing information for legal proceedings.

Law Enforcement Cooperation

Providing law enforcement agencies with information to locate or apprehend fugitives and to identify victims or missing persons.

Legal Representative Assistance

Assisting a person who has been designated as your legal representative if you are unable to make medical decisions on your own.