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Skull
The bones of the skull can be divided into two groups: those of the cranium and those of the face. The eight bones that form the cranium protect the brain. There are 14 bones that form the face. The auditory ossicles are the three tiny bones located in each middle ear.
Rib cage
The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. It consists of 24 ribs, a sternum (breastbone), and 12 thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column.
Vertebral column
Also known as the spinal column, the vertebral column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. The bony structures of the spinal column are called vertebrae. There are 26 vertebrae: seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, one sacrum, and one coccyx. Intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers that separate and cushion the vertebrae.
Hyoid bone
The hyoid bone is located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid gland. It is the only bone in the body that is not connected to any other nearby bones. Instead, the hyoid bone is an attachment point for muscles of the tongue, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and epiglottis.
Ossicles
The ossicles are three tiny bones located in the middle ear. Their function is to transmit vibrations from sound waves in the air to the cochlea within the ear.
Skeletal Muscles
attached to the bones and help limbs and other body parts move. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They are also known as striated muscles because, under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance. Striated means striped.
Smooth Muscles
(named because they do not have striations) make up the walls of hollow organs (intestine, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus), blood vessels, and internal muscles of the eye. These muscles are under involuntary control, which means they are not consciously directed.
Myocardial Muscles
AKA cardiac muscles; muscles make up the wall of the heart and are responsible for the forceful contractions of the heart. The action of these muscles is also involuntary.
Fascia. fasci/o
the densely woven sheath of connective tissue that supports muscles, bones, nerves, arteries, and veins and surrounds virtually every internal organ of the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and spinal cord. However, it is not just a system of separate coverings but actually one continuous structure that exists uninterrupted from head to toe.
Tendons ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones. Tendons and muscles work together and exert a pulling force to move the bone. The largest tendon in the body is the Achilles tendon, which attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone.
Elevation
Raising the corner of the mouth into a smile is an example of what?
Flexion
Bending the elbow and moving the hand toward the body is an example of what?
Abduction
Moving the arm sideways away from the body is an example of what?
Plantar flexion
The movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle is called what?
Hyperextension
Overextension of a joint beyond its normal limit is called what?