biology year 10 t4

carrier protein

Active and passive transport, changes shape to allow larger molecules to pass through the membrane, ATP required

channel protein

only passive, ATP not needed, membrane protein specifically a transport protein, hydrophilic channel tunnel for things to pass

passive transport

doesn't need ATP to move substances down their concentration, high-low

active transport

needs cellular energy to move things against concentration , low-high

IPMATC

Interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase,cytokinesis

Punnett squares

for calculating probability of genotype and phenotype in offspring

frameshift

caused by insertion or deletion that shifts the sequence

deletion

loss of one or more nucleotides

substitution

exchanges one base for another

insertion

changes dna base number by adding one or more nucleotides

transcription

changing dna to mrna

translation

using mrna to assemble an amino acid sequence

complimentary pairing code

At The Gold Coast

complimentary bases

adenine, guanine , thymine, cytosine

which bases go together

A+ T, C+ G

rna sequence

a+u, t+a, c+g , g+c,, NO T

MEIOSIS

cell divides to have 4 genetically different cells with half chromosomes as og- sex cells

mitosis

cell divides into 2 new genetically same daughter cells with same chromosomes as og

what chromosomes do the genders have

female=xx, male=xy

function of lysosomes

uses enzymes to digest bacterias, viruses and old organelles

what occurs in the chloroplast

photosynthesis which is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy which creates the food as glucose

vacuole function

stores food,water or wastes in the cell

function of mitochondria

creates ATP from food, site of cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell

function of the cell membrane

maintains homeostasis by controlling what enters and leaves the cell

similarities of eukaryote and prokaryote

plasma membrane, cytoplasm,ribosomes ,dna

eukaryotic cell location

animals, plants,fungi,protists

prokaryotic cell location

bacteria (cytoplasm) + archaea

eukaryotic cell structure

multi celled, membrane bound organelles, nucleus,large diameter

prokaryotic cell structure

single celled, no membrane bound organelles, no defined nucleus, few internal structures, small diameter

plasma membrane structure

Phospholipids,peripheral protein , channel protein, carrier protein, those 2 = integral, cholesterol,carbohydrates

label the phospholipid

phosphate head (hydrophilic), fatty acid tail (hydrophobic)

what is the main function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

what is the cytoplasm

jelly like fluid in cell where organelles are suspended

genotype

organisms unique genetic makeup

phenotype

observable,physical traits of an organism from its environment

heterozygous

different alleles (Bb)

homozygous

same alleles (bb,BB)

Recessive

alleles only expressed in a phenotype if 2 are present

dominant

alleles that are always expressed ,only one needs to be inherited to be expressed

hypertonic

hyper=more,shrinks bc solution has higher solute concentration causing water to move out through osmosis

hypotonic

hypo=less, lower solute concentration outside then inside, water goes in cell and gains volume

isotonic

iso=same,solute concentration same in and out so water moves at same rate and stays stable

similarities of plant and animal cell

both have nucleus,mitochondira,cytoplasm,ribosomes

plant cells

cell wall,chlorplasts,large vacuole

animals cells

no cell wall, no chloroplasts, small or no vacuole

muscles vs red blood cell

muscles have a nucleus whereas red blood cells don't

genetic drift

change in allele frequency in a population due to random chance

gene flow

movement of genes from one population to another through migration of individuals who reproduce

bottleneck

population reduced by natural disaster events that kill most and leave behind a small random assortment

founder effect

new colony started by a few members of the OG population which reduces genetic variety

natural selection

individuals with favourable traits are more likely to survive and pass genes to next generation

what is a cell

basic unit of structure and function in living things

dna structure

two strands twisted together like a ladder, double helix

mutation

permanent change in dna sequence that can alter cell instructions

allele

version of a gene

dna

deoxyribonucleic acid, info molecule, stores instructions for protein making

gene

basic unit of heredity, has instructions for building an organism and choosing characteristics

all cells have>?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, dna,ribosomes (genetic material )

cell division

for growth and development,reproduction and to repair damage

how many chromosomes in mitosis

46

diploid and haploid

diploid=2n , Haploid=n

survival of the fittest

organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

internal reproduction

internal ( sperm fertilizes egg in female, humans)

external reproduction

outside the body (fish, frogs)

sexual reproduction happens in 2 ways

external and internal

nucleotide structure

sugar,phosphate group, nitrogen base