ARTH 1162 Exam 1 - Monuments Images + Terms

holy fawk

The Vitruvian Triad

• Commoditas — function / accommodation (what the building is for)

• Firmitas — structural strength / stability (how the building stands up)

• Venustas — beauty that delights (aesthetic appeal of the building; v. subjective)

plans, sections, façades and elevations

• plan / floorplan — footprint of building

• elevation —view of superstructure rising over plan

• section — transverse slice / cross-section of building

• façade — front of building

trabiated construction

• post (like supporting members/columns) that keep the lintel (horizontal platform/segment) up

• arcuated construction

• arches and vaults

  • kinds of vaults

    • barrel vaults (has a lot of gravitational downward thrust)

    • groin vault (grav. weight distributed @ corners)

    • rib vault (seen in gothic architecture, v. pointed)

    • fan vault

masonry (regularly dress stone)

remove live rock, cut into smooth blocks to make walls, columns, etc

Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu

Sumer (@ Southern Mesopotamia) | Ur, c. 2000 BCE

• ziggurat — religious structure; massive rectangular shaped staged tower from ancient Mesopotamia

Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin) — Citadel + Palace of Sargon II

(Assyria @ Northern Mesopotamia) | c. 700 BCE

• crenellations — teeth-like structures on top of towers (where people shoot arrows)

• buttresses — carry weight away from building; projecting structural support

• casemates — defensive, double-walled fortification system that included chambers (in the case of the palace of Sargon II)

• ziggurat — religious structure; massive rectangular shaped staged tower from ancient Mesopotamia

• lamassu —— colossal statues of human-headed winged bulls that guarded the gates of the citadel of Sargon II; body of bull / lion, wings of eagle and head of human

Ishtar Gate

@ Babylon | c. 575 BC | built by King Nebuchadnezar II

• Lions — symbolize goddess Ishtar

• crenellations

• glazed bricks lined w/ animals walking in procession (bulls, dragons, lions → goddess Ishtar; goddess of fertility, love, war)

Persepolis (“Persian City”)

royal palace begun by Darius in 515 BC

• apadana (throne room) w/ hypostyle hall

• fortified military appearance

• lamassu

• royal architecture (powerful, overwhelming scale); v. volatile time (who had power was always changing)

Giza Pyramids + Great Pyramid of Cheops

near Cairo | c. 2000 BCE

• red limestone interior, polished higher grade limestone

• pharaoh buried in granite sarcophagus alongside their worldly possessions, pets; pyramid was built around the tomb bc it was so narrow inside

  • prone to tomb raiders

• pyramid shape = ramp/stairway to heaven

• religious/social implications

  • gives civilians sense of loyalty, belonging; maintain social cohesion by creating drafts for people to called to help build the pyramids, helped create a sense of consistency and accountability for building

Sphinx

near Cairo | c. 2500 BCE

• shows face of one of the pharaohs buried there (wearing the headdress thing)

• granite interior, also used diorite

• didn’t have wheels at this time so needed many people to build

Temple of Amon-Re

Karnak | begun c. 2000 BCE and built over next 2000 years

• hypostyle hall — 134 columns covered with hieroglyphic inscriptions

• trabiated

• pylon gates (tilted inwards)

Temple of Amenhotep III

Temple of Amon-Re @ Karnak linked via mile long avenue lined with sphinxes to Temple of Amenhotep III @ Luxor (pylon c. 1250 BCE)

• hypostyle hall

• pylon gate (tilted inwards)

• obelisks built w/ granite → sundial with hieroglyphics carved into it

Abu Simbel Rock-cut tomb of Ramses II

(c. 1250 BCE) cf. Ptolemaic temples (Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-57 BCE)) @ west bank of the Nile

• masonry mimics construction of mudbricks (like from ziggurat @ mesopotamia)

• pylon gate (tilted inwards) — monumental gateway @ entrance

Mycenae Citadel + Lion Gate

Mycenae, c. 1250 BCE

• Lion Gate — 2 lions with a column in the middle above an arch/vault (looks like a triangle above the gate); cyclopean masonry

• Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon, c. 1300 BCE

  • has a ‘portal’ similar to Edfu (Mycenaens more open to foreign influence); also tilted inwards

• Cyclopean masonry — stone fitted together that looks like it was done by a giant bc the blocks are so big)

• Corbel Vault — “moving inward”; stones stacked horizontally to create an arch

• Tholos — round structure with circular wall and domed ceiling/roof; tombs for Mycenaens

• Dromos — a long, narrow corridor or passageway that leads to the entrance of a tomb or monumental structure

Temple of Hera II

Paestum | mid 5th Cent. BCE

• doric order (no bases)

• trabiated

• anthropocentric — would be able to see sacrifices and athletic events at the same time bc of the gaps in the temples between the columns); communal architecture, focus on humans

• house ‘cult image’ of Greek God

Athenian Acropolis

• greek architecture inspo — external emphasis, trabiated

• theater

• greek / classical order (eg. ionic…)

Parthenon

• 447-438 BCE | Architect Iktinus | Sculpture by Phideas Erechtheion, 421-405 BCE — Caryatid porch

  • Caryatids — a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a column to support the entablature of a Greek / Greek-style building.

Erectheion

@ Athenian Acropolis, 421-405 BCE

• Ionic-style temple

Temple of Apollo Epicurius

Bassae, 429-400 BCE | Architect: Iktinus

• Corinthian order with acanthus capital in the middle, ionic order columns on the sides

• communal architecture

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates

Athens, 334 BCE

• Corinthian order with ionic frieze, architrave

Mausoleum of Halicarnassus

350 BCE | Architect: Pythius

• built for Mausolus and wife/sister Artemisia

• royal architecture

Bouleuterion

Miletus, c. 170 BCE

• engaged columns

Priene

near Miletus, 300-400 BCE

• orthogonal town plan (grid-like)

Theater at Epidaurus

c.300 BCE | Architect: Polykleitos

• compare to roman theaters of pompey and marcellus

  • epidaurus uses natural disposition of landscape

  • made of stone, no concrete; using materials from surrounding environ.

Acropolis of Pergamon

Asia Minor, mid-3rd-mid 2nd Cent. BCE

• developed by King Attalus and later on

  King Eumenes II

• King Eumenes II built Altar of Zeus in honor of his father Altar of Zeus (now in Pergamon Museum, Berlin), c. 170 BCE

Altar of Zeus

Asia Minor, c. 170 BCE

• King Eumenes II built Altar of Zeus in honor of his father Altar of Zeus (now in Pergamon Museum, Berlin)

Stoa (roofed colonnade) of Attalos II

Agora, mid 2nd Cent. BCE

• 2 orders (doric and ionic) used in 1 building (relaxing of Classical rules)

Temple of Fortuna Virilis/Portunus on Forum Boarium

Rome, early 1st Cent. BCE

• Ionic order

• engaged columns on side but free-standing columns @ front (front-emphasis in roman architecture)

• elevated on high podium

Round "Temple of Vesta" on Forum Boarium

Rome, late 2nd Cent. BCE

Porticus Aemilia

ca. 179 BCE

Pont du Gard (Aqueduct)

Nimes, France | late 1st Cent. BCE

• arcuated; barrel vault

Aqueduct of Segovia

Segovia, Spain | 1st / early 2nd Cent. BCE

• arcuated; barrel vault

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia (roman goddess Fortuna; god of luck and fate)

Praeneste (modern Palestrina, Italy), possibly late 2nd Cent BCE

• pilgrimage site — travel there to increase chances of getting what you want

• oracle @ top (like a psychic)

• built to last (bombed and still remained)

• hemicycle / exedra — semicircle

• v. symmetrical (axiality of roman archi)

• tholos @ top (round building w/ domed roof)

• arcuated architecture made w/ concrete BUT w/ greek skin (marble plaster painted, tholos, theatre temple, columns there for deco. bc arches/vaults supporting everything)

• egyptomania — has mosaic of the Nile

Theaters of Pompey and Marcellus

both @ Rome, Pompey — 55 BCE, Marcellus — 13-11 BCE

• Pompey — roman general

  • built 1st monumental marble theater after victory

  • @ middle of the city (controversial) → added a temple

  • engaged columns

  • peristyle courtyard — open courtyard surrounded by columns

• compare to Greek theater of Epidaurus

  • made of concrete

  • arcuated (uses arches and vaults)

  • self-supporting built on flat ground

Forum of Augustus

Rome, Italy | 2 CE

• Temple of Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger)

  • Greek order — Corinthian w/ entablature, pediment, cornice w/ free-standing statues inside

  • collonades ; trabiated, v. conservative (Augustus bringing “golden age” by bringing back old trad. values)

  • combi. w/ roman features (raised podium, frontal emphasis, axiality/symmetry)

• hemicycle

• fountains (w/ perfume to make forum smell nicer)

• statues along collonades and hemicycles (Juli, Augustus, Fortuna, Venus, etc.

  • *Caesar’s statue is naked = divinized

• equestrian status of Augustus

Roman Forum

• Basilica Julia

  • rebuilt and named after Julius Caesar

  • rectangular-shaped building filled w/ columns

  • central aisle (knave) is wider

  • secular — law court, stock exchange, place to do impt. business

• Basilica Aemilia

  • also rebuilt by Caesar

  • filled w/ diff color marble

  • marble columns — Corinthian order 

  • knave is wider

    • roof of knave is higher than @ side aisles — clerestory windows

Arch of Titus

@ Roman Forum, after 81 CE

• triumphant arch — commemorate divinized Titus; victory of roman armies vs jews in judaea revolting against roman rule (oh..!)

• composite capital — engaged columns w/ Ionic volutes featuring Corinthian leaves; Ionic / Corinthian entablature)

• victory figs holding military standards (poles with insignia) @ entrance of arch

• coffers in vault

Arch of Tiberius

Orange, France | 26 CE

• triumphant arch — celebrate victory over recovering roman standards

• reliefs (has more sculptures than usual for romans)

• 3 arches

• Corinthian engaged columns

• rome’s arcuated construction + greek order and proportions

Forum of Trajan

Rome, Italy | 113 CE | Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus (from Greek East)

• much larger than other forums

• incorporated hemicycles like in other forums

• Basilica Ulpia

  • rectangle-shaped

  • coffers

  • 2 storey colonnade

  • clerestory windows

  • hemicycle

• Trajan’s column — commemorates Trajan’s military victory in Dacian wars

House of the Vettii

Pompeii, early 1st Cent. AD

• atrium — central pt w/ opening in roof to collect water

• peristyle (row of columns that goes all the way around) garden — filled w/ historical subjects

• “tryphe” — Hellenistic luxury; luxurious looking wall paintings in house give illusion of being lavish

Emperor Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House)

Rome, 64-68 CE | Architects: Severus and Celer

• used pozzuolana (natural volcanic hydraulic cement found near Bay of Naples) to build maritime villa in the middle of the damn city

  • usually used for underwater construction; ancient roman concrete → Nero exploring using it in big, grand building

• overhead lighting through oculus (circular opening in dome)

• emphasis on interior space (roman)

  • wall paintings

  • marble

• big ass statue of Nero (20x bigger than life)

Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum)

Rome, 70-80 AD

• Emperor Vespasian tore down Golden House and replaced with Flavian Amphiteater lol (bc he’s for the ppl)

• roman w/ greek skin

  • arcuated construction

  • made w/ marble

Trajan's Market

@ Forum of Trajan, Rome | AD 100-112

• by the side of one of the hemicycles of Forum of Trajan

• multi-storey buildings; shopping mall

Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli (not in exam ? i think)

Tivoli, Italy | AD 120

• canopus 

  • has free-standing columns w/ arches on top as a ‘joke’ catering to ppl who know architecture well

  • end of canopus — pumpkin vaults

• dining hall

• baths

• maritime theatre

Pantheon 

Rome, Italy | 118-128 AD | built by Emperor Hadrian

• marble Corinthian capitals, granite columns

• element of surprise — going from columns @ entrance → giant dome w/ interior emphasis

• oculus (circular opening) @ roof of dome

• built on travertine base; materials get lighter as we go up

Baths of Caracalla 

Rome, AD 216-216

• brick and concrete

• has shopping area, place to exercise (NAKED!!!)

Baths of Diocletian

Rome, 298-306 CE

• roman features

  • axiality / symmetry

  • interior emphasis

  • hemicycle / exedra

• place for cultivated entertainment and exercise (shops, refreshments, concert hall etc.)

• caldarium, frigidarium, temperatureum (pools of varying temps.)

• groin vaults, windows act as vents (clerestory windows)

• columns made of monolithic granite from Egypt

• coffers pattern on ceilings; covered w/ plaster and stucco

Dioceltian's Palace at Split (not in exam 1)

Basilica of Maxentius (not in exam 1)

Arch of Constantine (not in exam 1)

Santa Costanza (not in exam 1)

Old St. Peter's Basilica (not in exam 1)

St. Maria Maggiore Basilica (not in exam 1)

San Vitale (not in exam 1)

Hagia Sophia (not in exam 1)

Greek architecture

• exterior emphasis (mass)

• trabiated (post and lintel)

• use natural disposition in landscape

• greek orders

  • doric

  • ionic

  • corinthian

Roman architecture

• interior emphasis (space)

• arcuated (arch and vault)

• Etruscan (frontal emphasis, raised on podium) + Hellenistic (orders and proportion) influences

• masonry combi. w/ concrete

  • use of concrete — triumphing over adversities of nature

• axiality and symmetry

• order (trabiated form) applied to arcuated structure

• ambivalent attitude to Greek culture (lowkey admired it and took inspo but acted like they viewed them as weak, effeminate, frivolous)

Hellenistic architecture

• combines a lot of features from Greek and Egyptian architecture

• communal architecture (temples)

• mixing of orders — relaxation of canonical use

• orthagonal town planning — grid like

• ethos → pathos (sadness that comes from extreme exp; suffering)

Late classical architecture

• royal architecture (tombs and palaces) — eg. Parthenon, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus

Roman town houses and villas

Pompeii

• Roman town houses (“domus”)

  • eg. @ St of Abundance

    • lined w/ multi-storey buildings (bars, shops, etc.)

    • brick-faced concrete covered w/ plaster and decor

• Roman villas (aka vacation houses)

  • @ countryside or seaside (maritime)

    • pastoral poetry — vision of life in countryside that wasn’t accurate to reality (villa urbana vs villa rustica)

    • ppl built villas based on these rich ppl views of countryside → roman villas

• Civil Wars between Octavian and Ceasar’s enemies, and later between Octavian and Marc Anthony

• Battle of Actium 31 BCE

• Octavian become “Imperator” — Emperor Augustus 27 BCE, rules until 14 CE

• Octavian (Caesar’s great nephew) — forms alliance w/ Marc Anthony post-Caesar assassination

  • start civil wars against enemies

  • Octavian avenges Caesar; kills assassins in 42 BC

• Octavian and Marc Anthony basically divorce

  • Marc gets tgt w/ CLEOPATRA @ Egypt (who btw had a love affair w/ Caesar)

  • Battle of Actium (31 BCE) → Octavian defeats Marc + Cleopatra; ends civil war

• Octavian becomes “Imperator” aka Emperor Augustus (27 BCE; rule until 14 CE)

  • Rome becomes monarchy (roman republic → roman empire)

  • builds Forum of Augustus (+ Temple of Mars Ultor)

Julius Caesar

• assassinated 44 BCE

• common ppl loved him for enacting reforms serving their interests (eg. restoring buildings like basilicas @ Roman Forum)

• but feared and hated by ruling elite / ppl w/ power

entasis, stylobate, cella (naos) and peripteral colonnades

• entasis — column diameter widest @ bottom, then taper as it reaches the top; corrects optical illusion of concavity from straight columns

  • anthropocentric view — reflects the weight distribution of how humans would carry weight (heavier @ bottom)

• stylobate — upper steps to the temple

• cella (naos) — inner chamber of temple

• peripteral colonnades — 1 row of columns around naos

dipteral (double; 2 rows of columns around naos) colonnade orders

• Doric

  • the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles

    • unadorned columns with no base

    • fluted column shaft

• Ionic

  • capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments)

  • fluted columns, but deeper; meet @ smooth joint (fillet)

  • large base

• Corinthian

  • Most ornate of the orders

    • a base

    • fluted column shaft

    • capital is elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaf carvings 

entablatures

• frieze — made up of triglyphs and metopes

• architrave — blank part

• cornice — frame

pediment

• pediment — triangle that features free standing, over-life-sized marble sculptures; basically a void since there’s no symbolism to them, just happen when built

  • painted/colored (polychrome) — red, blue, yellow

triglyphs and metope

• triglyphs — vertical rectangles with grooves in them; kinda filler

• metope — squares that can be decorated with painting or reliefs (molds in terracotta or carved into limestone / marble)

Hellenistic Civ. after Macedonian conquest of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great

• Philip of Macedon (conquests of Greek world 359-336 BCE)

  • bro wanted to be Greek so bad (he’s actually Macedonian; couldn’t speak Greek)

• Alexander the Great (died 323 BCE)

  • Philip’s son
    
    REMEMBER 35(9), 33(6), 32(3) 9 6 3!!

Battle of Issus

333 BCE

• battle between Alexander the Great (Macedonians) and Darius III of the Achaemenid Empire (Persians); part of Alexander’s conquest of Asia

From Polis to Cosmopolis

• post-Alexander the Great’s death — Classical Greek period (polis) → Hellenistic period (cosmopolis)

Persian Wars

• 490 BCE (Battle of Marathon)

• 480 BCE (Battles of Thermopolae and Salamis)

• 479 BCE (Battle of Plataea)
  
  490 marinara — marathon
  480 thermometers and salami — thermopolae and salamis
  479 plates — plataea

Delian League

Athenian hegemony (dominance of one grp above others) in Greece

• Athens

  • Pericles (Strategos)

leader of the Athens

• there was a democracy tho — council of 500