science 30 diploma

pulmonary artery has low __________because it is going to the ___________

oxygen, lungs

pulmonary artery is the only artery with _______oxygen the rest have _______ contents of oxygen

low oxygen content, the rest have high oxygen contents

pulmonary vein has _______oxygen contents because its coming back from the ______________

high oxygen contents, lungs

pulmonary vein is the only vein with _________- oxygen content the rest have fairy _______ oxygen content

high oxygen content, fairly low

which goes first ventricle or atrium in the heart, what is the valve called?

atrium then ventricle (alphabetical) the valve is called the AV valve

what is the main purpose of semi lunar valves? what is the difference between semi lunar and AV valves?

to prevent back flow, the main difference is that it is not as strong as AV valves

what is the function of all valves

to stop back flow of blood

which blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart?

coronary (means heart) arteries

if coronary arteries are blocked, what does it result in?

a heart attack or coronary, happen by branches off the aorta being blocked

how can you prevent a heart attack

healthy eating habits and exercise

what is the average heart rate (BPM)

70-80 BPM

what is the path of blood flow

Vena cava right atrium, AV valve, right ventricle, semi lunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, AV valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, Aorta

what side of the heart is deoxygenated?

right side

what is the average blood pressure

120/80

what does Lubb Dubb represent

Lubb is AV is clsoing Dubb SV is closing

what does systolic and dystolic represent

systolic- squeezing of heart muscles

dystolic- relaxing of heart muscles

with the blood pressure 140/90 what represent systolic and what represent dystolic - is this reading lower or higher then average

140 is systolic

80 is dystolic

it is an higher then average reading

how can you listen to the lubb dumb

with a stethoscope

how can you measure blood pressure

with a spagnometer

true or false; you can only hear pulse through the veins

false; you can only hear a pulse through arteries because of the higher pressure

what is the correct blood flow through the blood vessels

aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veinules, veins, vena cava

What Is an artery, what is a key example of an artery?

thickest, highest pressure, pumping blood away from the heart

prime example is the aorta

what is an arteriole

smaller arteries

what is a capillary

one cell thick ONLY site of has and nutrient exchange

what are venules

smaller veins

what are veins, what is a key example of the vein

thin, lowest pressure, contain ONE WAY VAVLES, pumping blood towards the hear

key example is the vena cava

what do skeletal muscles do

contract, and relax which cause valves to open and close

what are varicose veins

veins that contain damaged one way valves

which blood vessels allow for the exchange of O2 and CO2

capillaries

what process helps return blood to the heart

muscular contraction (one way valves)

which blood vessels have the greatest change in blood pressure

arteries

what blood vessel involves the process of muscle contractions in the skeletal muscle

veins

what are red blood cells

no cell nucleus

-transports oxygen

-oxygen attaches to iron located in the HEMOGLOBIN PROTEINS

what are white blood cells

HAS A NUCLEUS

irregular shape, can change shape to squeeze out of circulatory system

-stained part is the nucleus

what are platelets

forms blood clots to stop bleeding

-smaller there red or white blood cells

what is plasma

liquid portion of the blood

-transports NUTREINETS, HORMONES, GASES, WATES, TOXINS, MEDICATIONS

-the distribution of the heart

what are the components of blood %

55% Is plasma (most dense at the top)

45% is rec blood cells

>1% is white and platelets

what is bacteria

a single cell organism (E.coli, salmonella)

what are bacterial infections treated with

antibiotics

what is a virus

a non living protein containing DNA or RNA (HIV, herpes, hepatitis)

a virus lands and attaches and injects its DNA into your cells causing them to liquify

what is a fungi

a multicelular organismo with unique cell wall material

what is a vector

animals that carry disease the can cause an immune response

what are way pathogens can enter the blood stream

inhalation, digestion (parasites) breaks in the skin

what is an antiseptic

prevents growth of micro organisms (listening mouth wash)

what are antibiotics

checmial that fights bacteria

what is a antiviral drug

chemical that fights viruses

what are bacterial infections

remebered by memory T cells and will be able to trigger an effective immune response

what is the first line of defence

skin, nose, ear, miscues, stomach acid, normal large intestine bacteria

what is a macrophage

a cell that engulfs a pathogen, the process is called phagocytosis

what are helper T cells

a cell that detects ANTIGEN (surface of the pathogen, shaped like a Y) and send a chemical signal to the B-cells

what are B cells

produces antibodies

what are antibodies

proteins that attach to foreign antigens and prepare the invader for destruction (goes through the blood stream and locks to the foreign invader. macrophages then destroy the pathogen

what are killer T cells

they munch holes through the pathogen membrane, they destroy body cells and pathogens

what are suppressor t-cells

cells that slow down the immune response

what are memory T cells

remember the antigens and is prepared for a quick immune response for next time.

what is autoimmune diseases

cause by the immune system attacking the bodies own cells

-failure within immune system ir with the cells antigens

what is arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

what is a stroke

interruption in blood flow to the brain

what chromosomes

a single strand of continuous DNA (46 chromosomes and 23 pairs in the human body) only thing you get from a chromosomes is a protein (sub units called genes)

what are the chromosomes 1-22 called

autosomes

what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes called

sex chromosomes

what is mitosis

the replication of DNA into 2 identical cell copies

-each cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

this process allows for the replication of non-sex cells

-end product is diploid 2n

what is meiosis

haploid gametes n=23

-involves sex chromosomes (23rd pair)

what is fertilization

human reproduction requires the joining of an egg and spem this combined 23 chromosomes of the egg with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm, these matching chromosomes are called a zygote

what are acquired trait

traits are gained during ones life-money, piano playing skills

what are inherited traits

gained from your genes they can be passed onto your offspring

what are alleles

a diffrent form of the same gene (hair colour)

dominant alleles

always are seen and expressed

what are recessive alleles

requires two alleles to be seen

what is an acid

donates protons

below 7

conductive

what is a base

accepts protons

above 7

conductive

what do strong acids do

completely donate their protons. these acids are located at the top left of the acid and bases table

what do weak acids do

they do not completely donate their protons. these acids are located at the bottom left side of the acid and base tables

what are indicators

weak acids

what are pH indicators

page 12 of data booklet

-pH indicators change colour as their pH changes

-each indicator has a range of colour

-the colour indicates changes outside the pH range.

what is an end point

when there is a colour change that indicates if it is a acid or base in a titration experiment

which has a higher concentration of hydrogen pH of 1 X 10^-6 or a pH of 1 X 10^-7

a pH of 6 has 10X more moles of hydrogen ions than a pH o f7

what is hydronium ion concentration

hydrogen ion H+ combine with water to form H30+

-hydronium concentration increases as pH lower!

what is a buffer solution

a solution which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or alkali are added to it

what buffers pH in the blood

HCO3 (hydrogen carbonate) maintain blood pH by accepting protons these protons are release by the lungs as h+ combing with HCO3- to be release to keep a normal range (outside of that range in death)

what is a historical indicator

cabbage juice is a natural pH indicator (early aboriginal use)

what is buffering capacity in regards to soil or bedrock)

the ability of either to minimize the changes in the environments pH

-usually direct result of the presence of carbonate within bedrock (such as limestone of marble) within the soil

true or false, western Canada has high levels of limestone and marble

true

what does limestone and marble contain

carbonate which is a buffer against low pH (this is a good thing) so if theres a pH change it won't happen within acid rain range

where will the greatest pH occur if the environment is effected by acid rain (NORTH, WEST, EAST OR SOUTH)

which province has high buffering capacity

east (high change in pH usually down stream)

-Alberta has high buffering capacity due to limestone and marble

what is a jet stream

goes from WEST TO EAST (the east has a lot of pollutants because of the jet stream which takes all the pollutants and chemicals from the west and brings it to the east)

what are some gases that cause acid rain

what activities cause acid rain

hydrocarbon combustion (fossil fuels)

burning of wood

the formula CO2+H2O-------H2CO3 is usually used to show what type of deposition

acid rain or acid deposition

what are the origins of SO2

hydrocarbon combustion (coal and natural gas)

-look or water in a question about this

what are the origins of NO2

hydrocarbon combustion in cars (coal and natural gas) look for water in a question CO2 traps an enormous amount of energy and greenhouse gasses

what is acid rain

any form of precipitation containing an excess of dissolved acids with pH of 5.6 or les

where do sulphur oxides and nitrous oxides originate from

-combustion of coal

-combustion of gasoline and garbage

what is leaching

the release of aluminum, lead and mercury from soil compounds into water systems (not good for organism)

acid rain causes _______to be release as soluble ions

metals

what is biomagnification

the accumulation of high levels of pollutants in the fat cells of the top of the food chain

what is a titration

a technique used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by adding measured quantities of another substance until an endpoint is reached

where is the base put during a titration

buret

where does the base drip into during a titration experiment

erlenmeyer flask

what does the erlenmeyer false contain during a titration experiment

acid and indicator

how is a titration carried out

- base in current drips into the erlenmeyer flask containing an acid and indicator until a slight change of colour is seen