Chapter 12 - Intermolecular Forces: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Doping

improves semiconductor conductivity and is crucial in contemporary electronic materials.

Ceramics

________ are extremely heat and chemical- resistant.

phase transitions

Pressure also has an effect on ________, most notably when gases are present and, to a lesser extent, when liquids are involved.

absolute temperature

It is proportional to the ________ and connected to their average speed.

Ceramics

________ are extremely heat and chemical- resistant.

van der Waals radius

The ________, which is always greater than the covalent radius, specifies the minimum distance across which intermolecular forces can act.

Liquid crystal

________ phases feature molecules that are organized like crystalline solids yet flow like liquids.

potential energy

The ________ in the form of intermolecular forces tends to attract molecules together.

term Endothermic changes

The ________ refer to heat that must be absorbed by the system to overcome the attractive forces that keep the particles fixed in place in a solid or near each other in a liquid.

electric field

In a(n) ________, electron clouds can be deformed (polarized)

potential and kinetic energy

The interaction of ________ determines whether a material exists as a gas, liquid, or solid.

liquid crystal

Controlling the orientation of the molecules is critical in ________ applications.

dipole induced

Between a charge and the dipole, it produces in another molecule, ion- and ________ dipole forces form.

interactions

The _________ between the particles' potential and kinetic energy give birth to the features of each phase.

potential energy

The ________ in a sample of matter is determined by two types of electrostatic forces:

liquid crystal

Controlling the orientation of the molecules is critical in ________ applications.