Computer Systems (OCR)

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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30 Terms

1

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain of a computer, performing most processing tasks by executing instructions from programs.

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2

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A component of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

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3

Control Unit (CU)

Manages the execution of instructions and directs data flow within the CPU.

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4

Registers

Small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold temporary data and instructions.

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5

Motherboard

The main circuit board that connects all components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and storage.

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6

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Volatile memory used for temporary storage while the computer is running.

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7

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Non-volatile memory that stores firmware essential for booting the computer.

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8

Cache Memory

High-speed memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data and instructions.

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9

Input Devices

Hardware components that allow users to interact with and provide data to the computer.

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10

Output Devices

Hardware components that convey processed data from the computer to the user in a readable form.

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11

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Magnetic storage devices used for long-term data storage.

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12

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

Faster, more reliable storage devices using flash memory.

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13

Operating System (OS)

System software that manages hardware resources, facilitates user interaction, and serves as a platform for application software.

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14

Antivirus Software

Utility software that protects the system from malware and viruses.

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15

LAN (Local Area Network)

A network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographic area.

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16

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A telecommunications network that extends over large geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs.

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17

Star Topology

A network topology where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

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18

Bus Topology

A network topology with a single central cable to which all devices are connected.

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19

Ring Topology

A network topology where each device is connected to two other devices, forming a circular data path.

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20

Mesh Topology

A network topology where each device is connected to every other device, providing high redundancy and reliability.

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21

Malware

Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

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22

Phishing

A cyberattack aimed at deceiving individuals into revealing sensitive information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity.

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23

Firewall

A network security system that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules.

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24

Encryption

The process of transforming data into an unreadable format to protect it from unauthorized access.

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25

Von Neumann Architecture

A system where the CPU runs programs stored in memory, with the concept of stored program.

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26

Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

The process by which a CPU retrieves a program instruction from memory, decodes it, and then executes it.

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27

Binary System

The base-2 numeral system used by computers to represent and process data, using only two digits: 0 and 1.

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28

Hexadecimal System

The base-16 numeral system used in computing to simplify the representation of binary data.

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29

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

A character encoding standard used to represent text in computers and communication devices.

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30

Unicode

A comprehensive character encoding standard designed to represent text and symbols from virtually all written languages.

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