Birth-5 Final Exam

discrete trial training

a series of teaching attempts with a specific set of steps

Target population: toddlers/preschoolers & children with attentional issues or intellectual disabilities

Theoretical basis: Behaviorism and Operant conditioning

5 steps of a discrete trial

1. antecedent
2. prompt
3. response
4. consequence for response
5. inter-trial interval

enhanced milieu teaching

naturalistic, conversation based strategy for communication skills that promotes expressive language

Target population: children in early stages of language development and children with autism, Down’s, and/or SLI

Theoretical basis: Behaviorism and Social interactionist

steps of milieu teaching

1. environmental arrangement
2. model
3. com(mand) model
4. time delay

response interaction (RI)

child directed strategies aimed at sustaining a child’s interest

prelinguistic milieu teaching

teaches intentional nonverbal acts, gestures, and teaches the foundation for spoken words.

Target population: nonverbal children

Theoretical basis: Transactional Model of Social Communication and Linguistic mapping

3 components of prelinguistic milieu teaching

1. environmental arrangement
2. follow the child’s lead
3. build social routines

steps of prelinguistic milieu teaching

1. establish routine
2. increase frequency of nonlinguistic vocalization
3. increase frequency of coordinated eye gaze
4. increase frequency and range of conventional and nonconventional gestures

functional communication training (FCT)

a program developed to replace more appropriate behaviors that serve the same functions as inappropriate behaviors

Target population: cognitive impairments/ aggressive communicators

Theoretical basis: Behaviorism and Operant conditioning

steps of FCT

1. identify target behavior
2. perform a functional behavior assessment
3. identify a replacement behavior
4. train a more acceptable behavior

picture exchange communication system (PECS)

an AAC system using pictures that can be exchanged for desired objects; developed as communication for nonverbal/autistic children

Theoretical basis: Operant conditioning and Social interactionist

components of PECS

* teach functional communication within a social context
* uses inherent reward
* designed to circumvent problems of traditional language issues

steps of PECS

1. teach communication exchange
2. teaching persistence
3. picture discrimination
4. building sentence structure
5. responding to “what do you want” questions
6. commenting back to responses

telepractice

technology to the delivery of speech language pathology

Target population: anyone

Theoretical basis: Social interactionist

3 types of telepractive

synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid

the Hanen program

parent focused model of language intervention for toddlers/preschoolers with language disorders or developmental disabilities.

Target population: late talkers between 18 and 36 months and preschool age children with a language/cognitive delay

Theoretical basis: Social interactionist and Child-countered strategies

key components of the Hanen program

* pre-program assessment
* minimum of 16 hours total of parent group trainings
* 3 video feedback sessions

focused stimulation

child is provided with concentrated exposures of specific linguistic focus/function/uses within naturalistic communicative contexts

Target population: late talkers, children with intellectual disabilities, bilingual children with language delays

Theoretical basis: Social interaction and Transaction model

key components of focused stimulation

* facilitator
* client
* social context

Behaviorism intervention strategies

ABC→ antecedent, behavior, consequence

reinforcement intervention

occurs *after* the behavior.

positive: add a positive stimulus

negative: remove a stimulus

punishment intervention

positive: add a negative stimulus

negative: remove a desired stimulus

the challenge point

the level of instruction

modeling

learning by observing and imitating

cueing

a hint that doesn’t provide the answer

types of cues

* visual
* tactile
* gestural
* verbal

shaping

teach more complex skills by building upon a series of simple skills

fading

adult prompting is reduced to the point the child produces the language skill independently

prompting

action to directly assist a student

least to most supportive prompting

1. verbal
2. gestural
3. modeling
4. partial physical assist
5. full physical assist

what is the difference between a cue and a prompt

a prompt is more invasive

intervention strategies of social interactionist theory

* scaffolding
* self talk
* parallel talk
* imitation
* modeling
* language expansion
* build up/ break down method

3 types of service delivery

1. early intervention
2. pediatric rehab facility
3. private practice

service delivery

how and where the therapy is given

3 age groups for Special Education services

early intervention (Birth - 3)

preschool services (3 - 5)

school age services (5 - 21)

who funds special education

IDEA, federally

5 developmental areas of children

1. cognitive
2. communication
3. physical
4. social/emotional
5. adaptive

target population of early intervention

birth to 36 months with delays in development

8 elements of IFSP

1. family’s resources, priorities, and concerns
2. child’s health
3. major outcomes for the child and family
4. EI services
5. list of other services
6. dates of initiation and duration of goals
7. name and discipline of service coordinator
8. plan for transition to preschool services

considerations for EI service delivery

format, provider, dosage, setting

traditional service delivery

one on one

consultative delivery

one member of the team helps develop the program, but assists other team members in implementing it

collaborative delivery

2 or more providers

parent coaching

teach parents how to use strategies with their children

A few roles of the SLP in EI Service Delivery

* advocacy
* transition planning
* screening, evaluation, assessment

differences in EI and preschool services

EI: birth to 3 years, IFSP, child + family, consultative and collaborative delivery

Preschool services: 3-5 years, IEP, child only, one on one therapy

IDEA

individuals with disabilities education act

Components: FAPE, LRE, federal grant

goal of preschool services

enable children to be active and successful at home, school, and other settings.

Target population: children with *confirmed* disabilities

* covers 4 developmental areas: cognitive, communication, motor, and social/emotional

timeline for preschool and school age from date the parents signs permission to test the child to the initial IEP meeting

90 days

Timeline for EI

45 days

IEP team

parent/guardian, special education teacher, LEA representative, outside agency, PT, OT, and Speech

cultural diversity

variations in race, SES, language, etc.

cultural and linguistic competence

a set of behaviors used among professionals that enable them to work in cross-cultural environments

what type of assessments are used for CLD children

dynamic assessment