Pathopharm 2- Exam 1

Bacteria

Prokaryotes

-Bacilli= elongated or rod-shaped

-Cocci= spherical; when cocci appear in clusters, they are called staphylococci; when cocci are arranged in chains, they are called streptococci.

Gram-positive= purple more sensitive to treatment

-Typically gram positive are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment

Gram-negative= pink, severe, harder to treat.

Not every antibiotics work on every organism.

Antispectic

Substances that are applied to parts of the body to inhibit infection. Work on surface (skin)

-Disinfectant applied to non-living objects.

Antimicrobial

Inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria and other microorganisms

-Affects bacteria

Antibiotics

Inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. technically derived from organic source. Kill bacteria usually from organic source.

-Bacteriostatic drugs= inhibit growth of bacteria, slow or stop growth. To work need healthy immune system to fight off

-Bactericidal drugs= kill bacteria, actively decrease number and eventually kill off.

Antibacterial action

Inhibit of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Alteration of membrane permeability

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Inhibition of synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA.

Interference with metabolism within the cell.

stop it from reproducing

Body defenses

Age- old and young (immune system compromised or not fully developed)

Nutrition- maintain proper health

Immunoglobulins- protein in immune system

Circulation= for drugs to work need good circulation

WBS= not making them immunocompromised

Organ function= skin, spleen, liver, kidney

Resistance to Antibacterials

Happens from overuse of antibiotics, infections learn and grow. 1st time use of antibiotics work well, but when use each time becomes less effective.

-Inherent resistance- goes from mom to baby

-Acquired resistance- when you take antibiotic so much you gain resistance for it.

Health care acquired infections- usually caused by antibiotics because treated with antibiotics

-MRSA, VREF, VRSA, CRE

Antibiotic misuse

Antibiotic taken unne

Antibiotic Combination Effects

Antibacterials; General Adverse Reactions

Antibacterial Spectrum

Infectious

Contagious

Virulent

Vector

Reservoir

Fomites

Antibiotics

Bacteriostatic

Bactericidal

Signs of Infection

Goal of Antibiotic Therapy

Selecting Treatment

Bacteria Classification

Bacteria and Resistance to Antibiotics

Penicillins and Penicillinase- Resistant Antibiotics Types

Penicillins and Penicillinase- Resistant Antibiotics

Penicillins and Penicillinase- Resistant Antibiotics- contraindications and caution, adverse effects and drug-drug

Cephalosporins- Types

Cephalosporins- contraindications/caution, adverse effects, drug-drug

Adjuncts to Antibiotics: Beta Lactamase inhibits

Macrolides and types

Macrolides- side effects/adverse effects, and drug-drug

Aminoglycosides and types

Aminoglycosides- contraindications, cautions, adverse effects

Carbapenems and types

Carbapenems - contraindications and cautions, adverse effects, and drug-drug

Fluoroquinolones and types

Fluoroquinolones- contraindications, cautions, adverse effects, drug-drug

Sulfonamides and types

Sulfonamides- contraindications, cautions, adverse effects, drug-drug

Tetracyclines and types

Tetracyclines- contraindications, cautions, adverse effects, drug-drug

Tuberculosis