Biology 1010 final - auburn - Kearley

testes

sperm production

scrotum

95 degrees

seminiferous tubules

because the body is 98.6 degrees and the sperm will die at that heat

Why does the scrotum have to be outside of the body?

seminiferous tubules

Where exactly does sperm production take place in the testes?

Epididymus

What is the duct called that sperm enters after leaving and causes the testes become motile?

Vas Deferens

What is the tube that carries sperm from the epidymis to the urethra?

urethra

What is the tube that goes from the interior of the penis to the outside and helps with reproduction and urine extraction?

Semen

What is formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm?

Seminal vessicle

What secretes fructose into semen and sperm use it as an energy source?

Prostate gland

What glands secretions buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract and protect the sperm from the low pH in the vagina?

Bulbourethral gland

What 2 glands secretions are thought the buffer the pH of the females reproductive tract and protect the sperm from low pH?

Prostate and testicular cancer (the most common)

What two types of cancers can happen in the male reproductive system? And which is the most common?

BE ABLE TO DRAW OUT SPERMATOGENESIS

BE ABLE TO DRAW OUT SPERMATOGENESIS

Spermatagonia

What cells are in the testes and undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes?

Primary spermatocytes

What undergoes meiosis 1 and produces spermocytes?

Secondary spermatocytes

What undergoes meiosis 2 and forms haploid spermatids that form sperm?

LH, FSH, testosterone

What hormones are produces in spermatogenesis?

LH - luteinizing hormone

What is the hormone that promotes cells (interstitial tissue) to secrete testosterone?

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

What hormone starts spermatogenesis?

Testosterone

What hormone stimulates the formation of sperm?

Ovaries

What produces oocytes in the female reproductive system?

immature eggs

What are oocytes in simple terms?

2

How many oviducts are there?

Oviducts

What is the channel called that is the connection from the ovary to the uterus (fallopian tube)?

Uterus

What is a hollow organ in which the embryo can grow and develop?

Endometrium

What is the inner lining called in the uterus wall where the embryo implants?

Cervix

What is a narrow portion of the uterus above that vagina and is usually the diameter of a pencil?

Vagina

What is a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the surface of the body that receives sperm and is part of the birth canal?

ovaries - oviducts - uterus (- endometrium) - cervix - vagina

What is the order of the female reproductive tract from inside to outside?

oogonia

What do embryonic females produce that undergoes mitosis and produces primary oocytes?

Primary oocytes

What enters meiosis 1, stops, and then starts again with the first menstrual cycle?

follicle

What is the primary oocyte and the cell layer around it?

grow

At the start of the menstrual cycle FSH concentration in the blood will increase which causes the follicles to what?

increase

In order for the follicles to grow at the beginning of the menstrual cycle does blood production need to increase or decrease?

it forms two cells

Before being released from the ovary the oocyte will complete meiosis 2 and then the cytoplasm will divide. What happens when the cytoplasm divides?

Secondary oocyte

Does the primary or secondary oocyte get almost all of the cytoplasm which equals the haploid number of chromosomes?

23

How many chromosomes do we get from each parent?

polar body

What gets almost none of the cytoplasm in oogenesis?

metaphase 2

When the oocyte is released from the ovary where will it stay if it is not fertilized?

it will travel down the oviduct to the uterus

If the oocyte is fertilized where will it go after metaphase 2?

estrogen

What stimulates the growth of the endometrium?

ovulation

What is it called when the oocyte matures and escapes from the ovary during the menstrual cycle?

corpus luteum and ovulation

What two things are triggered by a midcycle surge of LH?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What forms from the remnants of the ruptured follicle and secrete progesterone and estrogen? And will persists for about 12 days if it is not fertilized.

Corpus Luteum

What self destructs in the last days of the cycle?

yes

do periods sync to those around you?

progesterone and estrogen levels and the endometrium breaks down

After the corpus luteum breaks down what crashes and breaks down causing blood to flow out of the vagina?

28 days

How many days does a cycle usually last?

blood flows to the penis

What happens when males are aroused?

blood flows to the penis and fills spongy tissue

What causes an erection?

licorice, donuts, and pumpkin pie

What are certain types of smells said to cause erections in males?

Penis

What releases semen into the vagina?

shortly before or after ovulation

When does sperm need to arrive in the oviducts to have a possibility of fertilization?

muscle contractions

What moves the sperm deeper into the vagina?

a few hundred

How many sperm, out of millions, might actually make it to the upper portions of the oviduct?

to finish meiosis 2

Penetration by the sperm induces the oocyte to do what?

zygote (baby)

What forms when a sperm and egg fuse?

abstinence

What is the most effective form of birth control?

the vas deferens is severed and tied off

What happens during a vasectomy?

the oviducts are cauterized or cut and then tied off

What happens during tubal litigation?

99.6%

How effective is a vasectomy and a tubal litigation?

abstinence (100%), vasectomy (99.6%), tubal litigation(99.6%), Hormonal implant(99%), IUD (98%), contractive patch (99%) and the pill(99%)

What are the 7 most effective forms of birth control?

Birth control pill

What is an oral contraceptive that is made of synthetic estrogen and progesterone? and also suppresses oocyte maturation and ovulation?

Morning after pill, 75%

What type of birth control interferes with hormones that prevent ovulation or affect hormone levels between ovulation and implantation? How effective is this form?

rhythm method, natural family planning, withdrawal and no method (10%)

What are the least effective types of birth control (4)?

to avoid intercourse during a women's fertile period

What is the rhythm method?

natural family planning

What type of birth control evaluates body temperature or cervical mucus to determine fertile period?

STDs

1 in 4 people in the U.S, who engage in sex, will become infected by the pathogens that cause what?

the day before march madness

What day are vasectomy's most likely to be done on?

scar tissue on the ovary

What is corpus luteum?

chorionic gonadotropin

What do pregnancy test test for?

LH begins to falter

What hormone begins to falter that causes the embryonic cells to produce chorionic gonadotropin?

placenta begins to produce progesterone

What happens at the end of the third month of pregnancy when chorionic gonadotropin begins to falter?

oxytocin

At the end of pregnancy, what causes contractions of the uterus?

breast feeding

What is healthier: bottle feeding your newborn or breastfeeding?

mammary glands in the breast

Where does lactation occur?

calcium, sugar, vitamins and water

What is removed from the blood to produce milk?

Prolactin

What is a synthesis of enzymes?

galactorrhea

What is is called when males produce milk?

when a newborn suckles

Oxytocin is released when a newborn does what? and it triggers contractions that force milk into the milk ducts

colustrum

What is produced in the first three days that is a clear-yellow fluid and contains antibodies?

dendrites

What are extensions where the neuron receives information?

axon

What are extensions that carry signals away from neurons?

action potential

What is a reversal in charge across a neuron's plasma membrane called?

chemical synapse

What is a narrow cleft between the output zone of a neuron and the input zone of an adjacent cell?

neurotransmitters

What are signaling molecules called that diffuse across the synaptic cleft?

sensory neurons

What detects stimuli and causes the motors neurons to react?

nerves

What are long axons of sensory or motor neurons?

reflexes

what are automatic movements made in response to stimuli called?

motor neurons

What are sensory neurons connected to in the spinal cord?

central nervous system

What division of the nervous systems contains the brain and the spinal cord?

brain

What is the control center and is constantly changing?

spinal cord

What is the expressway for signals between the peripheral nervous system and the brain?

sensory and motor neurons

What connects through the spinal cord that threads through the vertebral column?

peripheral nervous system

What contains nerves that thread through the rest of the body?

somatic nerves - voluntary

What type of nerves control skeletal muscles (reflex arcs)?

autonomic nerves - involuntary

What type of nerves control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

perception of sound

What is wavelike forms of mechanical energy?

external ear canal

What terminates with the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

tympanic membrane

What transmits movements to three ear bones?

malleus, incus, stapes

What are the ossicles called that transmit movement to the oval window?