nutrition exam 1

macro nutrient

>1g/day, water protein carb lipid

micro nutrient

<1g/day, vitamins and minerals

oops

oops

DRIs / dietary refrence intakes 

include the EAR AI RDA UL — this is the umbrella term for them

EAR

meets 50% of people’s needs

RDA

meets 97-98% of people — 2 standard dev above EAR

AI / adaquate intake level

when we dont have enough data for an ear/rda, ment to exceed avg intake of healthy people 

UL/ tolerable upper intake level

max dose to minimize risk of adverse effects

EER / estimated energy requirement

cals to maintain energy balance

whats the pneumonic for how we assess nutritional status

ABCD test

collecting anthropometric data for the ABCD test includes 

body data - height weight bf% waist 

collecting biochemical data for the ABCD test includes 

lab tests — pee and blood ,

collecting clinical data for the ABCD test includes 

observation/appearance/physical dymptoms like hair/skin/nails, fatigue, spoon nails

collecting dietary data for the ABCD test includes 

24h food recall and food frequency questionaire

cals in 1 gram carbs

4

cals in 1 gram protein

4

cals in 1 gram fat

9

1 kcalorie = how many Calories

1

are kcal and Cal the same

yes

how many calories are in 1 kcal

1000

what one is on food labels 

Calories 

transfer e- 

ionic bond 

have cation and anion

ionic bond

share e-

covalent bond

if an atom is reduced it

gets more negative so gains e-

if an atom is oxidized it

looses e- 

condensation reactions

builds molecules by releasing a H2O from them

hydrolysis

breaks molecules bc water breaks

cephalic phase

anticipation of food, triggers saliva and gastric juice, mouth watering,

gastric phase

stomach phase, streatching of stomach and gastric juice released

intestinal phase

reg stomach emptying,

mixing of food in small intestine

segmentation

just moves shi forward 

peristalsis 

nutrients are primarily absorbed in the

small intestine

where are water soluble nutrients after theyre absorbed

blood

where are fat soluble nutrients after they’re absorbed

lymph

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

what is the facilitator in facilitated diffusion

transport protein

what are the two types of active transport

carrier mediated and vesicular

GERD is a disorder where there is

Gastroesophageal Reflux

peptic ulcers

caused by bacteria, holes in walls of GI tract 

IBS 

not dangerous, functional intestine disorder 

IBD

more serious, includes chrons and ulcerative and celiac, autoimmune

what type is glucose

Monosaccharides

what type is fructose

Monosaccharides

what type is galactose

monosaccharide

sucrose is

glucose and fructose

lactose is

gaLACtose and glucose

maltose is

gluc and gluc

types of polysaccharides

starch glycogen fiber

HFCS is 

sucrose but unbinded 

what type of chemical bonds link carbs

glycosidic bonds

α-glycosidic bonds are — starch in glycogen

digestable

β-glycosidic bonds - fiber

indigestable

digestion of carbs begins with what in the mouth

salvatary amylase 

salvatary amylase breaks startch into 

maltose 

is there a lot of carb digestion in the stomach

no

in the small intestine, wha enzyme breaks down carbs further

pancreatic amylase

glucose and galactose in the small intestine are absorbed by what type of transport 

active transport 

fructose in the small intestine is absorbed via 

facillitated diffusion

where is fiber digested/fermented by gut bacteria

large intestine

how quickly and how high blood glucose rides after eating carbs

glycemic response

GI is

blood sugar levels based on 50g of carbs from a food

max GI is _____ based on 50g of straight _____

100, glucose

what takes into account the quantity of carbs eaten

Glycemic load

formula for glycemic load

GI / 100 multiplied by carbs eaten

pancrease secretes what hormones

insulin and glucagon

when is insulin released 

when glucose is high 

insulin bring glucose _______ cells

into

glucagon is released when

blood sugar is low

glucagon breaks down ______ to make new glucose

glycogen

what type of transport is glucose uptake into cells

carrier mediated passive

in the small intestine and kidney, glucose transport is 

sodium dependent active 

sodium dependent active transport means it uses the

sodium potassium pump

what cells in the pancreas make insulin

beta

what cells in pancreas make glucagon

a cells

to get cells to bring glucose into the cell, insulin binds to ___

receptors

so insulin triggers cells to bring what to the surface of the membrane

glucose transporters

glucose uptake into the cells is what type of trnasport

carrier mediated passive / facillitated diffusion

what cells in the pancreas make glucagon

a cells

liver converts what to what

glucose to glycogen

glycogen can be converted into

fat storage

what type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder 

type one 

what cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes 

beta cells 

t1 diabetics dont produce 

insulin 

insulin resistant diabetes is also known as

type 2

gestational diabetes is similar to what and occurs during what

t2, pregnency

fasting blood glucose over what indicates diabetes

126

glucose test (2 hr after 75g glucose drink) over what indicates diabetes 

200 

all amino acids have a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and _______

r group

all amino acids have a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, _______, and r group 

hydrogen

all amino acids have a central carbon, amino group, _______, hydrogen, and r group 

carboxyl group

all amino acids have a central carbon, _________, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and r group 

amino group

all amino acids have a ________, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and r group 

central carbon 

what part of the amino acid varies depending on what one it is 

r group 

an essential amino acid means what we

must get it from our diet

non essential amino acids mean we can

synthesize it

amino acids we can normally synthesize but may need extra from our diet under certain conditions are 

conditionally essential 

proteins that contain all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts are

complete proteins

if a protein is missing essential amino acids it is

incomplete protein