copy-NCSU NTR 401 final exam

According to Greek philosophers, food is thought to be made up of all of the following EXCEPT

blood enrichments

__________ is a reference value with DRI's that is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Estimated Average Requirement

The five DRI reference values

EAR, RDA, AI, UL, AMDR

Define the term conditionally essentially nutrient

nutrients that are not ordinarily required in the diet but must be supplied exogenously to specific populations that do not synthesize them in adequate amounts

Which of the following are NOT true of Rudman and Feller's Conditionally Essential criteria?

correction of only decrease in plasma level by intake of certain supplement

Which dietary recommendation was created to meet the nutrient level of intake of half the healthy individuals in a given population?

EAR

Of the elements listed below, which one is NOT considered to be essential?

Iron

The DRI consists of different reference values, of these reference values, which one deals with the average daily dietary nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of healthy individuals in a particular life stage?

RDA

Evidence AGAINST the theory that food intake occurs to regulate blood glucose levels include all of the following EXCEPT:

Low blood glucose and 2-deoxyglucose causes eating

Functions of GLP-1 include all of the following EXCEPT:

decreasing feeling of satiety

Stimulated by insulin and secreted by adipocytes, _______ is a hormone which induces long-term satiety relative to body mass.

leptin

Which of the following peptides acts to induce hunger?

Ghrelin

What homeostatic system is not involved in regulating satiety?

Urinary

GLP-1 is secreted from the colon, inhibits glucagon release and promotes weight loss and _____.

release of insulin

All of the following accurately describes a theory of food intake regulation that has been proposed with reasonable support during the last 50 years EXCEPT:

The glucostatic theory states that huger decreases in response to fluctuation in blood glucose.

______ refers to the end of desire to eat after a meal, and this can occur at any time after the onset of eating.___________ , on the other hand, is a physical feeling of fullness that allows us to stop eating for a while.

Satiation, Satiety

Which nutrient function is correctly matched with its nutrient?

Riboflavin- erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity

True or False: Satiety refers to the end of desire to eat after a meal, governed by hormones which signal the brain the meal is over.

Satiety

There are a total of ________ amino acids, _______ of which the body cannot synthesize on its own. These amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the body on its own are referred to as ___________ and are required to be consumed in the diet.

20, 9, essential

Describe a peptide that increases during a fasting state as well as a peptide that increases during a fed state.

Ghrelin- increases during a fasting state leading to an increase in appetite

Leptin- increases during a fed state

Briefly describe the difference in Ob/Ob mice and db/db mice

Ob/Ob mice did not produce leptin, therefore the brain did not recognize the consumption of food and mice became obsessed. db/db mice produced sufficient amounts of leptin, but the receptors in the brain did not recognize it and these mice also became obese.

What hormone is stimulated, along with glucocorticoid hormones, in response to a fasted state by pancreatic alpha cells?

glucagon

Homeostatic regulatory systems ensure adequate supply of _________ needed for growth and maintenance.

proteins

All of these hormones play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels during the fasted state EXCEPT

secretin

_____________ blood volume and _____________ levels of angiotensin II will most likely _____________ water-seeking behavior.

decreased, high, stimulate

A RQ of .85 means what energy sources are being used?

Carbs, fat, and protein

An increase in carbonic acid formation means a ______ in carbohydrate excretion

increase

Dietary Fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrates that include, _________(NSP), plant carbohydrates that are not recovered by alcohol precipitation, and some __________ (RS), undigested starch.

Non-starchy polysaccharides, resistant starch

______ soluble vitamins are found in fats and oils, and can be stored in tissues. They can be converted into_______ soluble compounds in the __________ and then excreted in the same fashion as ________ soluble vitamins.

fat, adipose, water, liver, water `

Dietary fiber consists of __________ and _______ that are intrinsic and intact in plants.

non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin

Which part of the body adds bulk to the diet and creates the feeling of fullness as one of their physiological functions?

Upper GI tract

_____ is an unabsorbed dietary plant material that impacts nutrient excretion?

fiber

___________ are molecules found in wine that are responsible for inhibiting the absorption of certain minerals.

Tannins

Renal _________ , the outer part of the kidney, contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule for ________ function.

cortex, filtration

The amount of urine excreted is based on ________ intake, while the amount of nitrogen excreted relates to formation of _________ .

protein, water, and sodium intake; urea

What enzyme is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus and acts on the substrate released from liver in order to regulate blood pressure?

renin

Name three groups of people who are at risk for bone disease due to calcium deficiency.

women, smokers, alcoholics, vegetarians, older adults

Rickets, a softening/weakening of bones in children, is due to an inadequate amount of which vitamin, known as the sunshine vitamin?

vitamin D

Muscle atrophy refers to decreases in muscle mass and strength due to decreased activity, and happens very often in older adults. What is the name given to muscle atrophy that is naturally seen in older adults?

sarcopenia

The contraction cycle of muscles occurs when which two proteins create the force responsible for the contraction?

actin and myosin

Most vitamin D is synthesized in the human body as a result of direct exposure to sunlight; however, for some individuals sunlight is not a viable source of vitamin D. Which of the following food sources is the greatest source of dietary vitamin D?

Fish oil

Muscle contraction and relaxation is primarily controlled by the presence of ____ ions in muscle cells.

Calcium

All the following are involved in rate determining steps of glycolysis EXCEPT:

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Which of the following types of fiber are completely insoluble?

cellulose

____ serves as a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid.

Vitamin K

The telltale sign of rickets is

bowed limbs

Protein digestibility is a measure of the amounts of ___________ that are absorbed following ingestion of a given protein.

amino acids

Protein quality depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT:

carbohydrate composition/makeup

Low levels of iron lead to a deficiency called _______ while low levels of Vitamin B12 can lead to a deficiency known as __________.

anemia, pernicious anemia

A red blood cell with a nucleus is called a(n) ___________.

nucleated red blood cell

Choline is a precursor for both ________ and _________.

acetylcholine and betaine

Which of these is not a high quality protein?

A. Eggs B. Vegetables C. Yogurt

D. Fish

Vegetables

Excess zinc ________ copper absorption.

A. Reduces B. Increases C. Doesn't impact

reduces

Match the hormone to the tissue or organ where its receptors are located.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) -

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

TRH- anterior pituitary gland

TSH- thyroid gland

Check all boxes that are active forms of vitamin A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

The major role of Iodide is to produce _______, in which almost all organs in the body are targets for.

thyroxine

Vitamin A in the form of retinol & retinoic acid are essential for all of the following except:

hair, skin, nail growth

Which regulation hormone is counter regulatory to insulin, and increases hepatic glucose production by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

glucagon

Which organ needs a continuous supply of energy so it is only capable of fully oxidizing glucose?

heart

What molecule does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citrate in the TCA cycle?

oxaloacetate

The Cori cycle uses what substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis?

lactate

In Glycolysis, there are two major phases. The preparatory and payoff. What are the products of the payoff phase?

pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH

The process of converting lactate back to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase is completed by which cycle?

cori cycle

What are the three regulatory enzymes of glycolysis?

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

One product of the pentose phosphate pathway is ribose-5-phosphate. What function does this sugar have?

synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

Glucose Transporter ______________ is insulin responsive in skeletal, muscle, heart and adipose tissue.

GLUT 4

Glycogenolysis in the liver is hormonally stimulated by ______.

glucagon

Which of the following are not functions of adrenocortical hormones?

metabolism of calcium

Which is more likely with carbohydrates taking up 80% of total caloric intake?

obesity

For which of the following nutrients is there no tolerable upper intake level (UL)?

Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Switching from a typical American diet to a very low fat diet usually causes a(n)_________ in fasting triacyglycerol levels and a(n) _______ in fasting LDL and HDL levels.

increase; decrease

During beta oxidation, fatty acids are broken down to_________.

acetyl CoA

Which of the following is not a ketone body?

acetyl CoA

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for cleaving polyphosphoinositides upon their ingestion into DAG?

PLC

All of these are functions of Vitamin C except:

carbohydrate synthesis

What is the fat soluble antioxidant?

Vitamin E

Deficiency in the intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid can lead to all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT:

Ketoacidosis

True or False; Alpha-Linolenic acid and Linoleic acid can be synthesized in the human body from other nutrients if there are insufficient amounts available in the diet.

False

The following nutrients provide antioxidant effects against lipoperoxides:

Vitamin E, Beta Carotene

Vitamin E is most likely to react with free radicals in which of the following structures?

Cell membrane

Cardiovascular disease has been associated with which fatty acid?

Saturated

The brain can use all of the following as an energy source except: Glucose, ketones, Long Chain fatty acids, Short Chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids?

long chain fatty acids

Which food source could potentially provide both fatty acids and essential fatty acids?

steak

Which of the following would provide the best dietary source of omega 3?

salmon

What food does not have a good source of Vitamin e?

ground beef

Which type of Tyrosine causes Failure to Thrive, jaundice and future liver damage?

type 1

What is the coenzyme form of thiamin?

TDP

What is the main function of Coenzyme A in metabolism?

Acetylating enzymes to turn them on or off

Why is white bread enriched with riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin?

To replace the nutrients lost during milling so that white bread has as many B vitamins as whole grain bread, this avoiding potential diseases resulting from people assuming all bread has the same levels of vitamins

Consuming more whole eggs would be the least efficient way of increasing your intake of which B vitamin?

thiamin

Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the _______

liver

This type of tyrosinemia is the rarest and is caused by a deficiency of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase.

type III

Which water soluble vitamin is needed for catalyzing and phosphorylating tryptophan?

vitamin B6

Who are the most at risk for Vitamin B6 deficiencies?

elderly, alcholics

Match the following energy releasing B-complex vitamins with their functions:

a. Riboflavin

b. B6

c. Pantothenic acid

d. Niacin

e. Thiamin

-Riboflavin: component of cofactor for single electron transport

-B6: synthesis of heme and serotonin; decreases effects of steroid binding hormones

-Pantothenic acid: forms part of Acetyl CoA; metabolism of alcohol and other macromolecules

-Niacin: anabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, and other macromolecules

-Thiamin: required for aerobic metabolism of glucose and for formation of pentose sugars in the pentose phosphate pathway

Match the following symptoms with the three types of beriberi:

a. Cardiac failure due to enlarged heart, rapid heart rate, and difficulty breathing (1)

b. Psychosis, disorientation, brain lesions, and memory loss (3)

c. Muscle wasting, burning feet syndrome, and in severe cases, seizures (2)

a. wet beriberi

b. cerebral beriberi

c. dry beriberi

Which vitamin is required for tryptophan metabolism?

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 serves all of the following functions EXCEPT:

Increases effects of steroid binding hormones

_______ produces energy by degrading amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and alcohol

NAD

Insufficient ATP production due to thiamin deficiency leads to what condition?

beriberi