warren court

Mapp v. Ohio [1957]

• Exclusionary rule is applied

  • illegally obtained evidence and evidence related to it can be excluded from trial.  

  • Purpose to make sure the police behave 

• Warrant →  

  • 4th amendment → made illegal Unreasonable search and seizure

  • Police don’t need a warrant in every search 

    • Don't need it when: 

      • Driving but need probably cause 

        • 🍺Designated Driver 🍻 

• Story:

  • Don King(American boxing promoter) was being targeted 

  • Ohio state that the suspect was in the house of Dollree Mapp 

  • Police search Dollree Mapp house 

    • Stand off 

    • Police break in and fake warrant 

      • Find nothing but pornography

    • Dollree was charged with possession of  pornography

  •   Dollree challenged the police saying that they didn’t have a warrant 

  • Supreme court said → police officers, if they conduct a illegal search, the evidence found would be  

Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]

• Defendants have a right to a lawyer for any case regardless of the charge

  • Even if you cannot afford one 

  • 6th Amendment → right to an attorney

• Story:

  • Charged with broken into a pool house 

  • The judge said they would not give him a lawyer 

  • Was charged and went to jail 

    • Wrote an appeal to the Supreme court with the help of a jailed lawyer 

  • Supreme court said nah na

Escobedo v. Illinois [1964]

• Defendant have a right to counsel during police questioning 

• Story 

  • Was wanted in connection of the murder and defendant 

    • Asked for an attorney 

      • Was denied 

    • Signed a confession    

  • Lawyers said they his right were violated

Miranda v. Arizona [1966]

• The accused have a right to know their constitutional rights 

• Story: 

  • Arrested in connection of a sexual assault 

  • Was arrested and defendant

    • Signed a confession 

  • Lawyers said they the confession was invalid since Miranda didn’t know his rights  

    • 5th and 6th amendment → 

      • Self incrimination 

  • Miranda warning 

    • The moment of arrest you are entitled to know your rights

    • “You have the right to remain attorney” →  21 jump street

Terry v. Ohio

• “stop and frisk”

• Story:

  • Terry and his friends were hanging out 

  • Detective Mc. Fatten saw them looking at a store 

    • Mc. Fatten said hands up and frisk 

    • Terry was charged with possession of firearms 

• Supreme court said:

  • Cops have a right to stop and frisk to make sure you don't have anything in you. 

  • Terry stops → “a brief, temporary involuntary detention of a person suspected of being involved in criminal activity for the purpose of investigating the potential criminal violation.”

Baker v. Carr

• Congressional legislative districts(federal and state) must roughly equal in population 

• “One man, One vote” - Fair representation 

• States were ruled by rural areas cus they were not repositioning their  legislative districts due to population and migration.

Engel v. Vitale [1962]

• State led prayer in public schools is unconstitutional 

• Violation of the establishment clause 

  • First Amendment 

  • Violates separation of church and state

Abington v. Schempp [1963]

• Banned the reading of Bible verses in public schools 

  • Cannot be used to convert 

  • can be educational 

• Violation of the establishment clause 

  • First Amendment 

  • Violates separation of church and state

    • Free exercise

Griswold v. Connecticut [1965]

• Privacy is a constitutional right for the first time 

• Bases on interpretation of several amendments 

• The right to use contraceptives 

Tinker v. Des Moines [1969]

• Student’s First Amendment Rights established 

• Story: 

  • Students wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War  

  • Ban on Black Armbands 

  • Were suspended 

  • Tinkers sued 

• Supreme court:

  • 7-2 decision  

  • “In our system, state-operated schools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism. School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students”

    • Unless there is substantial disruption

Bakke v. University of California

Bakke sued the university for “reverse discrimination.” The lower courts sided with Bakke and determined that the special admissions process was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Reynolds v Sims 

• Congressional legislative districts(federal and state) must roughly equal in population 

• “One man, One vote” - Fair representation 

• States were ruled by rural areas cus they were not repositioning their  legislative districts due to population and migration.