Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Carboxylic Acids

Aldehyde

A compound with a carbon double bonded to oxygen (C=O) with a hydrogen atom (H) and an R group.

Ketone

A compound with a carbon double bonded to oxygen (C=O) with two R groups.

Long chain of aldehyde

Change the ending from -e to -al for naming.

Formaldehyde

The simplest aldehyde with one carbon (CHO).

Acetaldehyde

An aldehyde with two carbons.

Benzaldehyde

An aromatic aldehyde.

Longest chain for ketones

Change the ending to -one for naming.

Acetone

A ketone with 3 carbons, containing 2 methyl groups.

Tollens reagent

A reagent that oxidizes only aldehydes.

Reduction of aldehyde

Results in the formation of a primary alcohol.

Reduction of ketone

Results in the formation of a secondary alcohol.

Alpha carbon in aldehydes/ketones

The carbon that is one away from the double bonded carbon.

Enol

The constitutional isomer in equilibrium with aldehydes and ketones that has hydroxyl (-OH) group.

Carboxylic acid

A compound with the functional group -COOH, where hydrogen is acidic.

Methanoic acid

Also known as formic acid, containing one carbon.

Propanoic acid

Also known as propionic acid, the first fat.

Fischer esterification

A reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water.

Decarboxylation

The loss of a CO2 group from a carboxylic acid.

Amide

A compound where nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl carbon.

Primary amide naming

Replace -oic acid with amide.

Ester formation

The reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Amines

Compounds derived from ammonia with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by hydrocarbon groups.

Primary amine

Contains one C-N bond.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers like amino acids with carboxylic acid and amine groups.

Ephedrine

A drug derived from tyrosine that acts as a bronchodilator.