AP world history unit 3

Manchu/Qing

the last imperial dynasty of China. Ruled from 1644 until 1911. The Manchu imposed their will on the Qing

Mughals

Muslims rules over India, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks, Sunni Muslim, largest Muslim empire in history

Safavids

A Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and part of Iraq) from the 16th~18th centuries that had a mixture culture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs

Technology that led to empire building

Gunpowder, cannons, armed trade

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

Safavids/Shia Muslim vs. Mughals/Sunni Muslim

Songhai Empire’s conflicts between empires

examples: Muslims & Hindus in the Mughal Empires, Muslims & Christians in the Ottoman Empire

methods used by rulers to hold onto power in their empires?

1. Bureaucracy/Military (ex. Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai)

2. Religion (ex. European notion of divine right, Songhai promotion of

Islam)

3. Art (ex. Qing imperial portraits, Incan sun temple, Mughal mosques)

4. Tax (ex. Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ottoman tax farming)

Russian Empire

After kicking out the Mongols, Russians reclaimed their land, Ivan IV started to expand until they reached the pacific ocean

gunpowder empires

• ottoman

• safavid

• mughal empires

gutenberg printing press

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Ghazi

warriors for islam, began by Tamerlane, adopted by Muslim empires

Devshirme system

ottomans enslaved young Christian boys from Southeastern Europe and converted them to Islam, worked for the ottoman government

mughal zamindar tax collection

a local official in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

divine right

belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god (popular in European monarchies)

centralized government

a government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subjects

bureaucracy

a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

peter the great & the romanov dynasty

Tsar of Russia who Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. His family ruled for 300 years & were the last czars of Russia

protestant reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Churches and resulted in the created of Protestant churches

Catholic Reformation or Counter-Revolution

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pop (to which Protestants objected)

Sunni vs. Shia

Muhammad left no successor/Sunni = rightly guided person (Ottomans, Mughals)/Shia = blood relative of Muhammad (Shia) / Still split today!

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

martin luther

german monk, complaints against indulgences & simony, nailed his complaints to the Church door

calvinism

a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin

Anglicanism

a protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England when he wasn’t allowed by the Pope to divorce

Council of Trent

Meeting to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend

peace of augsburg

1555 agreement after the 30 years war declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

scientific revolution

a major change in the European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

30 years war

war between catholics and protestants, 10 million died, ended with the peace of Westphalia