1. States of Matter

What are the properties of solids?(4)

• Fixed shape and volume

• Vibrate in fixed position

• Packed closely together

• High density

What are the properties of liquids?(3)

• Fixed volume but takes up shape of container

• Medium density

• Particles move and slide past each other

What are the properties of gases?(5)

• No fixed volume nor fixed shape

• Low density

• Can be compressed into smaller volume

• Particles are far apart, move randomly and quickly

• Particles collide with each other and container sides to form pressure

What’s the arrangement of each state of matter?

Solid-regularly arranged

Liquid-randomly arranged

Gas-randomly arranged

1. Solid to liquid?

2. Liquid to solid?

1. Melting-when heated, particles absorb energy and vibrate, solid expands, bonds break, change to liquid

2. Freezing-when particles lose energy in low temp, bonds reform

1. Liquid to gas?

2. Gas to liquid?

1. Evaporation/boiling-when liquid is heated, it expands, intermolecular forces break, particles gain energy to evaporate

2. Condensation-energy of particles is transferred to surroundings, particles lose energy, intermolecular forces reform

What is the effect of temperature on volume of gas?

Higher temperature increases kinetic energy of particles, they move faster and collide more frequently with walls, flexible walls get bigger

What is the effect of pressure on volume of gas?

When pressure increases, volume decreases and amt of particles remain constant, particles collide more often in small volume

What is diffusion?(5)

• Occurs in gases and liquids

• Particles move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

• Particles are evenly spread in the available space

• Happens faster at higher temp due to higher kinetic energy

• Faster in gases than liquid bc particles r faster

What is the effect of relative molecular mass on the rate of diffusion of gases?

Lower mass gases are light, travel faster and further in same amt of time

Higher mass gases are heavier, travel slower and less far in same amt of time

Example of diffusion in terms of molecular mass

Ammonia has lower Mr=17

Hydrogen chloride has higher Mr=36.5

So ammonia travels faster and further than hydrogen chloride