3 - Middle Childhood

2-3 inches

Children grow about _____ inches each year between 6-11 y.o. & approximately double their weight during that period.

• 10-13

• 9-11

sleep need decline from ______ hours a day for 3-5 years olds

• to _______ hours a day for 6-13

Many Children do not get enough sleep

Acute Medical Conditions

occasional, short term conditions

Chronic Medical Conditions

physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions that persist for 3 months or more.

• Asthma

• Diabetes

Concrete Operations

Third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking

• they can use mental operations, such as reasoning, to solve concrete problems

• Spatial relationships

• Causality

• Categorization

• Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

• Conservation

• Number & Mathematics

Cognitive Advances in Middle Childhood

Spatial Relationships

Children are more easily able to navigate a physical environment with which they have experience, and training can help improve spatial skills as well.

Causality

Another key development during middle childhood involves the ability to make judgments about cause and effect.

• Seriation

• Transitive Interference

• Class Inclusion

3 Types of Categorization

Seriation

ability to order items along a dimension

Transitive Inferences

understanding the relationship between 2 objects by knowing the relationship of each to a 3rd object

Class Inclusion

understanding of the relationship between a whole & its parts

Inductive Reasoning

Type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.

• specific to general

Deductive reasoning

Type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class

• general to specific

Inductive Reasoning

What logical reasoning?

Every morning, John wakes up to his alarm clock and hears birds chirping outside; thus, he believes that birds chirping indicate the start of a new day.

Deductive reasoning

All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Conservation

In the preoperational stage of development, children are focused on appearances and have difficulty with abstract concepts.

• certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes.

Conservation

if you pour water from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, a young child might think there is now more water because the water level looks higher in the taller glass. However, a child who has developed _________ skills understands that the amount of water remains the same

Executive functioning

INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH:

Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems

Working Memory

involves the short-term storage of information that is being actively processed, like a mental workspace.

Selective attention

the ability to direct one’s attention and shut out distractions — may hinge on the executive skill of inhibitory control, the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses.

Mnemonics

strategy to aid memory

• External memory aids

• Rehearsal

• Organization

• Elaboration

(4) Mnemonics

External Memory Aids

using something outside the person

Rehearsal

conscious repetition

Organization

mentally placing information into categories

Elaboration

associating items with something else, such as an imagined scene or story

WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE FOR CHILDREN (WISC-IV)

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH: MEASURING INTELLIGENCE

The test for ages 6 through 16 measures verbal and performance abilities, yielding separate scores for each as well as a total score

STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE

Individual intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure Fluid reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative reasoning, Visual-spatial processing, and Working memory.

OTIS-LENNON SCHOOL ABILITY TEST (OLSAT8)

Children are asked to classify items, show an understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information, and follow directions.

KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT BATTERY FOR CHILDREN (K-ABC-II)

An individual test for ages 3 to 18, is designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with diverse needs (such as autism, hearing impairments, and language disorders) and from varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Dynamic tests

What test is Based on Vygotsky’s theories focus on the child’s zone of proximal development (ZPD)

• Linguistic

• Logical mathematical

• Visual Spatial

• Musical

• Bodily kinesthetic

• Interpersonal

• Intrapersonal

• Naturalist

8 Intelligences According to Gardner

• Componential

• Experiential

• Contextual Element

STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELIGENCE

Tacit Knowledge

Sternberg’s term for information that is not formally taught but is necessary to get ahead.

• Decoding

• Visual Based Retrieval

LITERACY

• Children can identify a printed word in two ways:

Decoding

the child sounds out the word, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long-term memory.

Visual based retrieval

as simple as looking at the word and retrieving it

Intellectual disability

Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning. Also referred to as cognitive disability.

Learning disability

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school.

Dyslexia

developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity.

Creativity

Ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions.

Divergent thinking

Thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem

Convergent thinking

Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.

Representation Systems

In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson’s 4th stage of psychosocial development:

• As with all of Erikson’s stages, there is an opportunity for growth represented by a sense of industry and a complementary risk represented by inferiority.

Coregulation

Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.

Internalizing Behaviors

Behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward

• anxiety or depression

Externalizing Behaviors

Behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties

• aggression or hostility

Prejudice

Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one’s own, especially racial or ethnic groups.

Popular

POPULARITY: Sociometric Popularity

• children receive many positive nominations and few negative nominations.

Rejected

they receive a large number of negative nominations

neglected

receive few nominations of any kind

controversial

receive many positive & negative nominations

average

do not receive an unusual number of either positive or negative nominations

Perceive Popularity

which children are best likely by their peers

Robert Selman

FIVE STAGES OF FRIENDSHIP by?

0. Momentary Playmateship

1. One-way Assistance

2. Two-way Fair-weather cooperation

3. Intimate, Mutually, Shared relationships

4. Autonomous

5 stages of friendship

Stage 0 - Momentary Playmateship

ages 3-7; on this undifferentiated level of friendship

Stage 1 - One way Assistance

ages 4 to 9; unilateral

Stage 2 - Two way fair weather cooperation

ages 6 to 12; reciprocal level

Stage 3 - Intimate, Mutually, Shared Relationships

ages 9 to 15; mutual level

Stage 4 - Autonomous

Interdependence - beginning at age 12; interdependent stage

Instrumental Aggression

AGGRESSION AND BULLYING

• aggression intended to hurt another person, proportionately increases, often taking verbal rather than physical form

Relational Aggression

involves harming another person’s social status and damaging relationships

Hostile Attribution Bias

tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense.

Bullying

Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless.

• Proactive

• Reactive

• Disruptibe Cognitive Disorder

• Anxiety Disorders

Common Emotional Problems in Middle Childhood

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance.

Conduct Disorder

Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.

Seperation Anxiety Disorders

Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached.

School phobia

Unrealistic fear of going to school

Social phobia

Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety not focused on any single target

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

Childhood depression

Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Individual psychotherapy

TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

• psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one on one

Family therapy

psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

Behavior therapy

therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification

Art therapy

Therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media

Play therapy

Therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress

Drug therapy

Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders

Resilient children

Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

Protective Factors

Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.

• Family Relationships

• Cognitive Functioning

Componential Element

The analytic aspect of intelligence

Experiential element

The insightful & creative aspect of intelligence

Contextual element

Practical aspect of intelligence, helps people deal with environment

45 minutes

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is for ages 2 and up, taking around how many minutes to finish?