Lecture Exam 3 Review

What is the percentage of the human body that is composed of water?

Approximately 60-70%.

Functions of water in the body

Includes regulation of body temperature, nutrient transport, and waste elimination.

Where is most water located in the human body?

Intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, and vascular compartments.

Define osmosis.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

What is an isotonic solution?

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution.

What organ is primarily responsible for thermoregulation?

The hypothalamus.

What factors regulate water input and output?

Water input includes beverages and food; output includes urine, sweat, and respiration.

What is the AI for water in adult males?

Approximately 3.7 liters per day.

What is the AI for water in adult females?

Approximately 2.7 liters per day.

Which part of the brain is involved in thirst regulation?

The hypothalamus.

What role does ADH play in water homeostasis?

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

What is the role of aldosterone in water regulation?

Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption, which influences water retention.

Define anion.

A negatively charged ion.

Define cation.

A positively charged ion.

Define solute.

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Define solvent.

A substance that dissolves a solute.

Define electrolytes.

Ions in solution that conduct electricity.

What is the role of sodium as an electrolyte?

Essential for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function.

What is the UL for daily sodium intake?

2,300 mg per day.

What is hyponatremia?

A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood.

What is the role of chloride as an electrolyte?

Helps maintain fluid balance and is essential for digestion.

What are symptoms of low chloride?

Muscle cramps, dehydration, and digestive disturbances.

What is cystic fibrosis?

A genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system that involves chloride imbalance.

What is the role of potassium?

Regulates fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve signals.

What is hypokalemia?

A condition of low potassium levels in the blood.

What is hyperkalemia?

A condition of high potassium levels in the blood.

What are signs of dehydration?

Thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, and decreased urine output.

What is overhydration?

Excess fluid intake leading to an electrolyte imbalance.

What is heat stroke?

A severe condition resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

What is heat exhaustion?

A heat-related illness involving heavy sweating and a rapid pulse.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure.

What are waterborne illnesses?

Diseases caused by pathogens in contaminated water.

How does aging relate to dehydration?

Older adults may have decreased thirst perception and renal function, increasing dehydration risk.

What is the difference between insensible and sensible water loss?

Insensible loss is not easily measured (like respiration), while sensible loss is measurable (like urination).

What is the effect of water treatment on cholera?

Water treatment minimizes the risk of cholera outbreaks by eliminating pathogens.

What is the number one killer of children worldwide?

Diarrheal diseases caused by contaminated water.

What are vitamins?

Organic compounds required in small quantities for normal metabolism.

What are pro-vitamins?

Substances that can be converted into vitamins within the body.

Do vitamins provide energy?

No, vitamins do not provide energy; they help in energy metabolism.

Are vitamins organic or inorganic?

Vitamins are organic compounds.

What are water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins that dissolve in fat and can be stored in body tissues.

Where are water-soluble vitamins stored?

They are not stored significantly in the body.

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

In liver and fatty tissues.

Define bioavailability.

The extent and rate at which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action.

What is vitamin A essential for?

Vision, immune function, and maintaining healthy skin.

What are common sources of vitamin A?

Carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and animal products like liver.

What is rhodopsin?

A light-sensitive protein involved in vision.

What is the significance of beta-carotene?

A precursor to vitamin A found in colorful vegetables.

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin A?

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, and bitot spots.

What is the scientific name for vitamin D?

Cholecalciferol.

Why is vitamin D referred to as the Sunshine Vitamin?

It can be synthesized by the body upon exposure to sunlight.

What are the primary dietary sources of vitamin D?

Fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and sunlight.

What are major minerals?

Minerals required in larger amounts, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.

What is the primary function of sodium in the body?

Regulates fluid balance and is essential for nerve and muscle function.

What is the primary function of potassium?

Maintains fluid balance and supports muscle contractions and nerve signals.

What role does chloride play in the body?

Helps maintain fluid balance and is essential for digestion.

What is the significance of calcium?

Vital for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling.

What role does magnesium have in the body?

Involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, including energy production and muscle function.

What is the role of sulfur in the body?

Important for the synthesis of amino acids and the formation of proteins.

What are trace minerals?

Minerals required in smaller amounts, including iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, fluoride, selenium, copper, and manganese.

What is the function of iron?

Essential for forming hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.

What role does zinc play in the body?

Supports immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis.

What is the function of iodine?

Essential for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

What is the significance of fluoride?

Protects against dental cavities and supports bone health.

What does selenium do in the body?

Acts as an antioxidant and is important for thyroid function.

What is the role of copper?

Involved in iron metabolism and the formation of red blood cells.

What is manganese necessary for?

Important for bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation.

What is the acronym for Major Minerals?

Salty Potato Chips Contain Pretty Much Salt.

What is the acronym for minor minerals?

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