Spores

What are homosporous plants?

Plants that produce spores developing into bisexual gametophytes.

What is heterospory?

When seed plants produce different types of spores.

What do microsperangia produce?

Sperm.

What do megasporangia produce?

Eggs.

What do microsporangia produce in gymnosperms?

Microspores that develop into male gametophytes and sperm.

What do megasporangia produce in gymnosperms?

Megasporas that develop into female gametophytes and eggs.

What advantage did gymnosperms gain with the evolution of seeds and pollen?

Expansion of living areas.

What are seeds?

Protective structures allowing embryo dispersal.

What is the purpose of pollen grains?

Male gametophyte in seed plants.

What is sporopollenin?

Protective layer surrounding pollen grains.

How did the evolution of pollen benefit plants in dry habitats?

Enabled sexual reproduction without water.

Why can pollen remain exposed to air for long periods?

Tough coating.

How can pollen grains be carried great distances?

By wind and animals.

What is the life cycle of gymnosperms dominated by?

Sporophyte.

Where are male gametes produced in gymnosperms?

Microsporangia.

Where are eggs produced in gymnosperms?

Megasporangia.

What advantage does pollen provide in the life cycle of gymnosperms?

Sexual reproduction without water.

Where are megaspores formed in gymnosperms?

Megasporangium.

How are pollen grains formed in gymnosperms?

Through mitosis.

What is the result of fertilization in gymnosperms?

Seed formation and appearance.

What is the advantage of seeds in plant reproduction?

Allows for portable embryo and better growth opportunities.

What are the components of a seed?

Embryo, store of nutrients, and protective coat.

How are seeds different from spores?

Seeds have nutrient storage and protection.

Why is seed dispersal important in plant evolution?

Allows plants to spread and dominate dry environments.

What is the male gametophyte in plants?

Pollen.

What are the female gametophytes in plants?

Microscopic.

What is the purpose of pollen grains?

Deliver sperm cells to fertilize eggs.

What are the components of a flower?

Sepals, petals, stamens (filament and anther).

What is the female part of a flower called?

Carpel.

Where are the ovary and style located in a flower?

Attached to the receptacle.

What are perfect flowers?

Flowers that have both male and female reproductive components.

How does sexual reproduction in angiosperms begin?

With a mature diploid sporophyte that produces a flower.

What are the male parts of a flower called?

Stamens.

What types of gametophytes are found in the male parts of a flower?

Two different types in a heterosporous system.

What is the ploidy level of the sporophyte?

Diploid.

What does the sporophyte produce?

Spores.

What is the ploidy level of the gametophyte?

Haploid.

What does the gametophyte produce?

Gametes.