Hybridization

What is the hybridization of carbon in methane (CH₄)?

sp³ — Carbon forms 4 sigma bonds with hydrogen.

What is the bond angle in an sp³ hybridized atom?

109.5°

What is the geometry of an sp³ hybridized atom?

Tetrahedral

What is the hybridization of carbon in ethene (C₂H₄)?

sp² — Each carbon forms 3 sigma bonds and 1 π bond (from the double bond).

What is the bond angle in an sp² hybridized atom?

120°

What is the geometry of an sp² hybridized atom?

Trigonal planar

What is the hybridization of carbon in ethyne (C₂H₂)?

sp — Each carbon forms 2 sigma bonds and 2 π bonds (from the triple bond).

What is the bond angle in an sp hybridized atom?

180°

How many π bonds are in a double bond?

One π bond and one σ bond

How many π bonds are in a triple bond?

Two π bonds and one σ bond

How do you determine the hybridization of an atom?

Count the number of electron domains (bonds + lone pairs):

2 → sp

3 → sp²

4 → sp³

What is the hybridization of the nitrogen in ammonia (NH₃)?

sp³ — 3 sigma bonds + 1 lone pair

What is the hybridization of the oxygen in water (H₂O)?

sp³ — 2 sigma bonds + 2 lone pairs

Do lone pairs affect hybridization?

Yes — each lone pair counts as one electron domain when determining hybridization.