Chapter 3 Inorganic Vs Organic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds usually lacking carbon, typically structurally simple, examples include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, acids, and bases.

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen as primary elements linked by covalent bonds, often large and complex.

Hydrogen Bonds

Intermolecular forces that form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

Three most important Disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

Glucose + Glucose after dehydration synthesis

Maltose

Fructose + Glucose after dehydration synthesis

Sucrose

Galactose + Glucose after dehydration synthesis

Lactose

Cohesion

The property of water molecules to fill vessels due to their attraction to each other.

Hydration Shell

The sphere of water molecules that surrounds an ion when it is dissolved in water.

Acids

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

Bases

Substances that release hydroxyl ions (OH–) or accept H+ in a solution.

Monomer

The building blocks of larger molecules; for proteins, these are amino acids.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers).

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio, with primary function as a source of energy.

Triglycerides

Lipids formed from glycerol and three fatty acids; serve as energy storage.

Phospholipids

Structural lipids that form cell membranes, featuring hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Steroids

Lipids characterized by four fused carbon rings, cholesterol. serving various functions in the body.

Proteins

The most abundant organic molecules in the body, consisting of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Amino Acids

The monomers of proteins; made up of a amino group and Carboxyl group combine with a R variable

Denaturation

The loss of a protein's three-dimensional structure due to external stress or factors, affecting its function.

Primary structure →

the sequence and order of amino acids of a protein essentially a chain of peptide bonds. A straight necklace with each beads representing amino acids

Secondary structure →

shape that results due to hydrogen bonds (can be alpha helix or beta sheet)

Tertiary structure →

coiling and folding of the protein that gives it final 3-D shape of one polypeptide bond

Quaternary structure

interactions between individual polypeptide chains. Essentially a group compiled of single polypeptide bond coiled togther as one. (The Big Mac of burgers with may patties compiled together.

Catalyze

(speed up) chemical reactions

• Hydrolysis

• Dehydration Synthesis

Nucleic Acids

Organic molecules that store and process genetic information; includes DNA and RNA.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic instructions for building proteins.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a single-stranded molecule that helps carry genetic information from DNA to the cell's protein-making machinery.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the cell's primary energy currency, released upon breakdown.