Anatomy and Phys Test 1 sara

anatomy

the study of the structures of the body

Know anatomical position

- standing up straight with palms facing forward

Know the levels of organization in sequence

- atoms

- molecule

- organelle

- cell

- tissue

- organ

- organ system

- human organism

Describe body planes, positions, cavities

- Planes:

- Sagittal: divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides

- Transverse: divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower

(inferior) portions

- Frontal: divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions

- Cavities:

- Ventral: located at the front of the body. Consists of two compartments (thoracic and abdominopelvic) separated by the diaphragm

- Dorsal: located at the back of the body. Contains two divisions (cranial and vertebral cavities) but is one continuous cavity

- Cranial:

Know the basic functions of each of the body systems

- integumentary system:

- protection, temp regulation, water retention, sensation

- skeletal system:

- protection of body organs, support, movement, blood formation

- muscular system:

- movement, posture, heat production

- lymphatic system:

- role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defense against disease

- respiratory system:

- absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

- urinary system:

- excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

- nervous system:

- control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory

- endocrine system:

- hormone production, control and regulation of other systems

- circulatory system:

- distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, immune cells, electrolytes, and antibodies, fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

- digestive system:

- breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

- male reproductive system:

- production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones

- female reproductive system:

- production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones

Be able to identify body regions (both matching and diagram formats)

Define homeostasis

- the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body

Know the difference between and identify examples of positive and negative feedback

- positive feedback: when the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change

- when the uterine contractions trigger the release of the hormone oxytocin

- negative feedback: when the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change

- a falling temperature signals the thermostat

What is the smallest unit of matter?

atom

What are differences in organic and inorganic molecules?

- organic compounds:

- compound that contains carbon

- inorganic compounds:

- compound that does not contain carbon

Know what pH is and how it is measured

- pH: the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

-pH less than 7 = acidic

- pH greater than 7 = basic

- pH of 7 = neutral

What are the basic components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

- proteins:

- the most abundant and important organic compound in the body

- lipids:

- large and diverse group; a common characteristic is that they are insoluble in water

- carbohydrates:

- the body's main energy source

- nucleic acids:

- contain DNA and RNA and consist of thousands of nucleotides

What is a covalent or an ionic bond?

- covalent bond: when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

- ionic bond: when one atom transfers an electron to another atom; this charges the charge of the atom from neutral to positive or from neutral to negative

Know the basic structure of the cell in written and diagram format

- plasma membrane: boundary of cell

- nucleus: center of cell

- cytoplasm: gel-like substance surrounding the nucleus and packed with various organelles and molecules, each with specific function

Know organelles and their functions within a cell

-plasma membrane defines boundary of cell and regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell

- nucleus: contains all of the cell's genetic information; most important part of the cell

- ribosomes: manufacture proteins

- golgi apparatus: receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares and packages them for export to other parts of the body

- centrioles/lysosomes:

- mitochondria: cells powerhouse

- cytoskeleton: framework of the cell, determines cell shape, strengthens cell, allows cell to move

Be able to recognize the differences between passive and active transport methods

- passive transport:

- requires no energy

- includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion

- active transport:

- requires energy

- includes transport by pumps and vesicles

What could happen to cells in a hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solution?

- isotonic: a solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell

- hypertonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes as that inside the cell

- hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes as that inside the cell

Phases of mitosis and what occurs within each

- prophase: chromatin begins to coil and condense to form chromosomes

- metaphase: some of the spindle fibers attach to one side of the chromosomes; the chromosomes then line up along the center of the cell

- anaphase: the centromeres divide, forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids

- telophase: new nuclear envelop develops around each set of daughter chromosomes

What is the chemical representation for water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc

• Water: H₂O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

• Carbon dioxide: CO₂ (one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms)

• Sodium chloride: NaCl (one sodium atom and one chlorine atom).

differences and similarities between DNA and RNA

Know what happens during DNA replication

When a cell utilizes ATP, that does it become?

epidermis

outermost layer of the skin, consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; it also contains no blood vessels

dermis

- composed of connective tissue, contains primarily collagen fibers (strengthen tissue) as well as elastin fibers (add elasticity) , and reticular fibers (bind collagen and elastin fibers together)

- has an abundance of blood vessels plus sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings, and hair follicles. Papillae extend upward from dermis, where it interlocks with downward waves projecting from the bottom of the epidermis.

hypodermis

made of areolar and adipose tissue; it binds skin to underlying tissue

melanin

what causes skin color?

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

1st degree burn

- involves only the epidermis

- causes redness, slight swelling, and pain

- often results from sunlight (sunburn)

2nd degree burn

• involves the epidermis and part of the dermis

results in blisters, severe pain, and swelling

- may result in scarring

- may appear red, white, or tan

3rd degree burn

- extends into the subcutaneous layer

- may not be painful initially

- may appear white or black and leathery

- often requires skin grafts

4th degree burn

a burn that extends below the subcutaneous tissue to reach muscle or bone

osteoblasts

cells that help form bone

osteoclasts

cells that dissolve unwanted bone

ossification

process of bone formation

parietal bone

join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity

occipital bone

forms the rear of the skull

temporal bone

form the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor; also contain the structures of the inner and middle ear

external auditory meatus

opening into the ear

mastoid process

prominent lump behind the ear

zygomatic arch

cheek bone

styloid process

attachment point for several neck muscles

frontal bone

forms the forehead and roof of the eye sockets (orbits)

sphenoid bone

forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits. With the appearance of a giant moth, this bone lies behind and slightly above the nose and throat. It has an indented area called the sella turcica that houses the pituitary gland.

ethmoid bone

contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. It lies anterior t the sphenoid bone; the cribriform plate lies on top. Tiny perforations in the cribriform plate allow branches of olfactory nerve to reach the brain

fontanel

Soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones

fixed joints

joints that are bound by fibers (found in the skull) (fibrous joints)

semi moveable joints

joints that are joined by cartilage (found in the symphysis pubis) (cartilaginous joints)

freely moveable joints

joints that contain a fluid-filled joint capsule (found in the knee) (synovial joints)

pivot joint

a projection from one bone articulates with a ring-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate, or pivot. (radioulnar joint, in which the head of the radius rotates within a groove of the ulna)

hinge joint

allows only back-and-forth movements like the hinge of a door (elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes)

gliding joint

two relatively flat bone surfaces slide over each other; surrounding ligaments limit the amount of movement (tarsal bones of the ankle, carpal bones of the wrist, articular processes of the vertebrae) (least mobile of the synovial joints)

ball-in-socket joint

the ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike socket of another bone (shoulder and hip joints) (widest range of motion)

saddle joint

the surfaces of both bones are shaped like the surface of a saddle; concave in one direction and convex in the other direction. When perched on top of each other, the bones move back and forth and from side to side (found only in the thumbs)

condyloid joint

an oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. Allow flexion and extension as well as side-to-side movement (articulation of the distal end of the radium with the carpal bones of the wrist and the joints at the base of the fingers)

pivot joint

what kind of joint is this?

hinge joint

what kind of joint is this?

gliding joint

what kind of joint is this?

ball-and-socket joint

what kind of joint is this?

saddle joint

what kind of joint is this?

condyloid joint

what kind of joint is this?

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint; bending a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint; straightening a joint

hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

circumduction

the distal end of an appendage moves in a circle

internal rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

external rotation

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

supination

movement that turns the palm up

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

protraction

Moving a part forward

retraction

moving a part backward

skeletal muscle

which type of muscle:

location: attaches to bones
shape: parallel bands
nucleation: multiple nuclei
striations: yes
movement: voluntary

smooth muscle

which type of muscle:

location: hollow internal organs
shape: spindle shaped
nucleation: single nucleus
striations: no
movement: involuntary

cardiac muscle

which type of muscle:

location: heart
shape: branched cells
nucleation: single nucleus
striations: yes
movement: involuntary

frontalis

which muscle is located in the forehead and raises the eyebrows

orbicularis oculi

which muscle surrounds the eye and is responsible for closing the eyes

masseter

which muscle is on the sides of the face and is responsible for chewing

zygomaticus

which muscle is in the cheek area and elevates the mouth corners in order to smile

sternocleidomastoid

which muscle is located in the lateral neck region and is responsible for flexing the neck

biceps brachii

which muscle is located in the anterior upper arm and is responsible for flexing the elbow

trapezius

which muscle is in the upper back and is responsible for extending the neck

latissimius dorsi

which muscle is in the lower back and is responsible for extending and adducting the arm and the shoulder

external oblique

which muscle is in the sides of the trunk and is responsible for trunk rotation

pectorals major

which muscle is in the chest and is responsible for flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder

rectus abdominis

which muscle is located in the anterior trunk and is responsible for flexing the trunk

deltoid

which muscle is located in the superior shoulder and is responsible for abducting the arm at the shoulder

flexor carpi

which muscle is in the anterior wrist and is responsible for flexing the wrist

gluteus maximus

what muscle is located in the buttock region and is responsible for extending the leg at the hip

rectus femoris

what muscle is located in the anterior thigh and is responsible for flexing the hip and extending the knee

biceps femoris

what muscle is located in the posterior thigh and is responsible for extending the hip and flexing the knee

gastrocnemius

what muscle is located in the posterior lower leg and is responsible for plantar flexion

sartorius

what muscle is located from the hip to the tibia and is responsible for rotating the leg

tibialis anterior

what muscle is located in the anterior lower leg and is responsible for dorsiflexion

triceps brachii

what muscle is located in the posterior upper arm and is responsible for extending the elbow