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20 Terms

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Child Development
The scientific study of changes in children from conception to adolescence.
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Psychoanalytic Theories
Theories proposed by Freud and Erikson focusing on the influence of early experiences on personality and psychosocial development.
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Behaviorism
A theory that emphasizes observable behaviors and the ways they are learned through conditioning (Watson, Skinner, Bandura).
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Cognitive Development
The theory by Piaget and Vygotsky that describes the process of thinking and understanding developing over stages.
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Plasticity
The ability of development to change in response to experience.
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Cohort
A group of individuals born around the same time.
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Nature vs. Nurture
The debate regarding the influence of genetic inheritance (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture) on development.
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Active vs. Passive Development
The question of whether children actively influence their own development or are shaped by external factors.
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Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development
The distinction between gradual development and stage-based development.
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Down Syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to developmental delays and other health issues.
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Teratogens
Environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development, such as drugs or alcohol.
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APGAR Score
A quick assessment of a newborn's health status, evaluating Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
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Cephalocaudal Development
Development that occurs from head to toe.
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Proximodistal Development
Development that occurs from the center of the body outward.
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Temperament
A child's innate personality traits, categorized as Easy, Difficult, or Slow-to-Warm-Up.
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Goodness-of-Fit
The correlation between a parenting style and a child's temperament.
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Authoritative Parenting Style
A parenting style characterized by high warmth and high control, leading to the best child outcomes.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Cognitive impairments and disabilities resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
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SCaffolding
Support provided in an educational context, often linked to Vygotsky's theories, to help students achieve tasks within their Zone of Proximal Development.
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SRY Gene
A gene that triggers the development of testes in males during fetal development.