AP EURO - Chapters 12 and 13 Test Review

Renaissance

A cultural artistic political and economic rebirth in Europe 14th–17th centuries inspired by classical antiquity Greece and Rome

Balance of power

A political strategy to prevent any one state from dominating Europe especially in Italy during the Renaissance

Humanism

An intellectual movement emphasizing the study of classical texts human potential and secular achievements

Italian Humanism

Focused on civic virtue rhetoric and classical philosophy examples include Petrarch and Pico della Mirandola

Northern Humanism

Emphasized Christian reform and education examples include Erasmus and Thomas More

Secularism

A focus on worldly matters politics art science rather than religious ones

Pluralism

Holding multiple church offices simultaneously often leading to absenteeism and corruption

Indulgence

A Church pardon for sins reducing temporal punishment in purgatory often sold for money

Niccolò Machiavelli

Political philosopher and diplomat who wrote The Prince advocating pragmatic leadership

Medici Family

Wealthy banking family that ruled Florence and patronized Renaissance art and culture

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled the Habsburg Empire fought the Habsburg-Valois Wars and opposed the Protestant Reformation

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism poet and scholar who revived interest in classical texts

Pico della Mirandola

Philosopher who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man emphasizing human free will

Baldassare Castiglione

Diplomat and writer who described the ideal Renaissance noble in The Book of the Courtier

Sir Thomas More

English humanist and statesman who wrote Utopia and was executed for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as head of the Church of England

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist who criticized Church corruption in works like In Praise of Folly while promoting education

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter and pioneer of Northern Renaissance art known for works like Arnolfini Portrait

Ferdinand and Isabella

Spanish monarchs who unified Spain expelled Muslims and Jews and funded Columbus’s voyage

King Henry VIII

Broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage establishing the Church of England

Martin Luther

German monk who sparked the Protestant Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses

John Calvin

French theologian who developed Calvinism emphasizing predestination and a theocratic society

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII who briefly ruled England under Protestant influence

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII who restored Catholicism in England and persecuted Protestants

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII who established the Elizabethan Settlement stabilizing England religiously

Thomas Cromwell

Architect of the English Reformation who helped Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church

John Knox

Scottish reformer who brought Calvinism to Scotland and founded the Church of Scotland

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Society of Jesus Jesuits key figures in the Catholic Reformation

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable-type printing press revolutionizing the spread of ideas

William of Orange

Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule

Henry Guise

French Catholic leader in the War of the Three Henries

Henry III

Last Valois king of France involved in the War of the Three Henries

Henry of Navarre

Protestant leader who became Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes

Ottoman Turks

Expanded into Europe under Suleiman the Magnificent challenging Charles V’s empire

Huguenots

French Calvinists persecuted during the French Wars of Religion

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Fought between France Valois dynasty and the Holy Roman Empire Habsburgs for control of Italy

Emergence of Italian Renaissance

Driven by trade wealth patronage and rediscovery of classical texts in cities like Florence and Venice

Characteristics of Italian Renaissance

Focused on humanism secularism individualism and classical art and architecture

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance

Emphasized Christian humanism detailed realism in art and education reform

Invention of movable type printing press – influence and importance

Enabled mass production of books spreading Renaissance Reformation and humanist ideas

Spanish Inquisition

Established by Ferdinand and Isabella to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and expel Jews and Muslims

Conflicts in Italy

Including the Habsburg-Valois Wars which disrupted Renaissance cultural centers

Motives of Renaissance popes

Focused on art politics and personal power rather than spiritual leadership

Peace of Lodi

Temporarily ended conflicts between Italian city-states by establishing a balance of power

Status of states during Renaissance – England France Spain HRE Eastern Europe

Each state developed unique political and religious identities

Ninety-Five Theses

Luthers 1517 document critiquing indulgences and sparking the Protestant Reformation

Diet of Worms and Edict of Worms 1521

Luther refused to recant at the Diet of Worms leading to his excommunication

Main elements of Lutheranism

Salvation by faith alone sola fide authority of Scripture sola Scriptura and rejection of papal authority

Main elements of Calvinism

Predestination theocratic governance and strict moral discipline

Main elements of the Church of England

Established by Henry VIII with the monarch as head of the Church and moderate Protestant reforms

Main elements of Anabaptists

Believed in adult baptism pacifism and separation of church and state

German Peasants War 1524–1525

Peasants revolted inspired by Luthers ideas but were suppressed by nobles

Luthers writings besides the Ninety-Five Theses

Included On the Freedom of a Christian and Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Spread of Luthers Protestantism – where and how

Spread through Germany via pamphlets sermons and princely support

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Allowed German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism ending religious wars in the HRE

Elizabethan Settlement Act of Supremacy 1559 Act of Uniformity and Thirty-Nine Articles

Established Protestantism in England while retaining some Catholic traditions

Church of Scotland

Founded by John Knox modeled after Calvinist Geneva

Council of Trent

Catholic Churchs response to the Reformation reaffirming doctrine and addressing corruption

Main elements of the Catholic Reformation – Counter Reformation

Included reforms like the Council of Trent and the founding of the Jesuits

Ursuline order of nuns

Focused on education and combating heresy

Society of Jesus Jesuits – main elements and activities

Emphasized education missionary work and loyalty to the pope

The Index of Forbidden Books

List of books banned by the Catholic Church to suppress Protestant and humanist ideas

Marburg Colloquy of 1529

Failed attempt to unite Protestant leaders like Luther and Zwingli on the Eucharist

Edict of Nantes 1589

Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom in France

Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre 1572

Catholic mobs killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris

War of the Three Henries

Conflict between Henry III Henry of Guise and Henry of Navarre for control of France

Philip II attempt to unite empire

Fought religious wars suppressed the Dutch Revolt and attempted to invade England

Revolt in the Netherlands – causes events and results

Caused by Philips harsh rule and persecution of Calvinists leading to Dutch independence in the north

Philip II’s attempt to conquer England include Spanish armada

Failed invasion of England in 1588 marking the decline of Spanish dominance