Great Dieseases of the World Exam 1

What are 5 diseases that can cause skin lesions?

Plauge, Small pox, Chicken pox, Measels, and Monkey pox

Why did plauge doctors dress the way they did?

It was done as a way to protect themselves. Thye would additionally put flowers and leaves in the beak of their mask (they originally thought it was airborn).

What are 4 recent pandemics we have come up against?

Ebola, covid, monkey pox, and avian flu

What is a pandemic?

An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region or multiple contients or worlwide affecting a large number of people or animals.

What is Monkey pox also known as? How is it transmitted?

Mpox. It is transmitted person to person

How is Avian influenza spread?

It is highly pathogenic that can spread through any mammal species.

Why do we wear face coverings (like masks)?

1. Reduce spread of viruses from the wearer into the environment and to others

2. Reduce contracting viruses that others might have

What is medicine?

The two main definitions consist of:

1. The Science of Healing; the practice of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diease/promotion of health

2. Medications, drugs, and natural substances that promote health

What is the genus of extinct hominids?

Australopithecus (latin australis “southern”, Greek “ape”). It is closely related to the human genus Homo and may be our ancestor.

What was the name of the skeleton known as our oldest relative?

Lucy! It is predicted that she was in ethiopia about 3.2 million years ago.

During what time period did Australopithecus Apheresis live?

Close to 3.9-2.9 million years ago. They mainly ate fruit, veggies, and tubers.

Why did human migrate?

Food security/crop failure and starvation (started with human migration out of Africa about 70,000 years ago), population growth/crowding, disease outbreak, drought/climate change

Where is present day fertile crescent found?

Iraqu, Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Iran. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern day Iraq

Why is the Fertile Crescent important?

It was where the birth of agriculture occured. Babylon

Why was Fertile Crescent named the way it was?

It was named Fertile Crescent after the modernization of agriculture and the domestication of:

• grasses/grains (Wheat, Rye, Barley),

• pulses/legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas), and

• animals (cattle, sheep, goat, pig, cat, and goose)

What was the first type of writing developed by mankind?

Cuneiform (writing based on wedge-like characters). One of the earliest written records from the Middle East is a recipe for making beer.

What was the effect of agriculture?

More humans = more disease. It lead to an increase in population, animal husbanary (zoonoses), and social organization.

What is prehistoric medicine?

It refers to medicine before human were able to read and write. Belived in a combination of natural and supernaural causes and treatments for conditions and diseases.

How did older generations practice prehistoric medicine?

Through Geophagy and Trepanning.

What is Geophagy?

It refers to eating soil-like or earthy substances such as chalk and clay for trace minerals. Many people around the world use clay externally and internally for treatment of cuts and wounds.

What is trepanning?

Drilling a hole into the human skull for the treatment of health problems or to free the victim of demons and evil spirits.

What health diseases and conditions were very common in prehistoric times?

Osteoarthritis, micro-fractures of the spine and spondylolysis, as well as infections/complications.

What was the life expectancy in prehistoric times?

It ranged from 18-25 to 25-40 depending on the regions and prehistoric period.

During prehistoric times, what did some nomadic people has access to in regards to materials?

Yarrow (achillea millefolium), Mallow, Rosemary, Birch Polypore (Piptoporus betulinus)

Who was “The Medicine Man” or “Shaman”?

People in charge of the tribe’s health and gathered plant-based medications, mainly herbs and roots, carried out rudimentary surgical procedures, as well as casting charms and spells.

What was typically blamed for the dieases people contracted?

Unseen causes - such as demons, spirits, and gods. Cures or hexes put on people which made them fall ill. Because people belived the causes to be supernatural, the cures mainly consited of attempting to appease the gods through chants, prayers, sacrifices, and spells.

What is disease?

Any condition that damages the normal function of the body.

What is an infectious disease?

Diseasses caused by infections with pathogens/germs such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths.

What is a causative agent?

The name of the pathogen that causes an infectious disease

What is the main diffrence between chimpanzees and humans when it comes to diseases?

Chimpanzees live today the same way they did 100,000 years ago and their diseases look the same. Humans live very differently from how they did 100,000 years ago, and our diseases are very different.

Why are we not familiar with the diseases until recent times?

They are a consequence of how we live, our cultures and technological advancements.

What was the life expectancy in 1900?

32 years old

What was the life expectancy in 2021?

71 years old.

Why has life expectancy has increased since 1900?

Better public health practices, clean water, more nutritious food, antibiotics, vaccines, and modern medicine.

What is the Immune System?

A network of cells, tissues, organs, and molecules that work together to protect the body from invasion by pathogenic organisms.

What is immunology?

The study of the immune system, the immune response to infectious diseases and tumors, and the diseases that occur because of inappropriate or inadequate functioning of the immune system (e.g. autoimmune diseases, allergies, immunodeficiency conditions)

What types of cells are associated with the immune system?

White blood cells (leukocytes), macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

What types of tissues are associated with the immune system?

Blood, bone marrow, tonsils, and mucous membranes.

What types of organs are associated with the immune system?

Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

What types of molecules are associated with the immune system?

Antibodies, cytokines, and complement

What is coagulation?

The clotting of the blood

What is molucules are found in plasma?

Proteins/glycoproteins, antibodies, complement, and cytokines

What cells are found in white blood cells and platelets?

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Basophils, and Eosinophils

What is the main job of red blood cells?

Carry O2

Where are T cells developed?

In the thymus

What is another name for T cells?

T Lymphocytes

Where are B cells developed?

In the bone marrow

What is another name for B cells?

B Lymphocytes

How do pathogens gain access to the body?

Through mucosal surfaces or skin

True or false. Decreased crying inceases the risk of disease

True

What is the 1st layer of the body’s defense system?

Physical/mechanical, chemical, and microbiological barrier

What is the 2nd layer of the body’s defense system?

Innate immunity (existing mechanisms prior to infection)

What is the 3rd layer of the body’s defense system?

Adaptive immunity (Aquired immunity - mechanisms developed after infection)

What is a lysozyme?

An enzyme that can digest the cell wall of gram positive bacteria - tears and saliva wash away microbes.

What are some common sites of microbiota?

Mouth, Gut, Skin, Respiratory tract, Urinary tract, and Vagina.

About what percentage of our body weight is composed of microorganisms?

10%

What do Microorganisms offer?

Protection against pathogens, sythesis of vitamins, immune system development, promotion of intestinal angiogenesis, promotion of fat storage, SCFA production by fermentation of dietary fiber, and modulation of the central nervous system.

What are prebiotics?

Compounds in food that foster growth or activity of benificial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

What are probiotics?

Live microorganisms that are intended to support or improve health and well-being.

How does the innate immune cells recognize pathogens?

It recognize groups of pathogens - nonspecific (e.g. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites)

How does the adaptive immune cells recognize pathogens?

It recognizes unique molecular features (antigens) of each different pathogen - very specific

True or false. Innate Immunity is required to Initiate Adaptive Immunity.

True

How fast is the Innate immune system response time?

The innate immune system has a rapid response to infection or injury always available.

Does the Innate immune system lead to lasting immunity?

NO! IT DOES NOT!!!!

What does the innate immune system result in?

Inflammation - Swelling, redness, and pain at the local site; fever, malaise, and anorexia (lack of appetite)

Which molecules are most important to the innate immune system?

Cytokines and Complement

Which cells are most important to the innate immune system?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Busophils, Macrophage, Mast cells, Dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells

How fast is the Adaptive immune system response time?

The adaptive immune system has a delayed response and takes at least 5 days for the adaptive immune responses to develop to a given pathogen for the first time.

What does the adaptive immune system result in?

The development of immunological memory - leads to long lasting immunity.

How specific is the adaptive immune system?

The adaptive immune system has a highly specific response to pathogen-derived or foreign antigens

What cells are most important to the adaptive immune system?

B cells and T cells

What molecules are most important to the adaptive immune system?

Antibodies and Cytokines

Which immune system response is generated after infection?

The adaptive immune system

Which immune system is a response animals are born with?

The innate immune system

How fast does the innate immune system respond?

Very fast (hours)

How fast does the adaptive immune system respond?

It is very slow (days to weeks) - especially for first time exposure

What is hematopiesis?

The process of formation of blood cells from bone marrow derived stem cells

What are cytokines?

Small glycoproteins are secreted by cells, and they are involved in signaling between cells through specific receptors

What are cytokines produced by?

innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells.

What are some examples of cytokines?

Interleukins (IL-x), Interferons (e.g. Interferon-gamma, Interferon-alpha), TNF-alpha

What is the complement system composed of?

Several enzymes and other proteins

What does the complement system do?

When activiated it causes inflammation and killing of pathogens by tagging them for phagocytosis and creating holes in their cell membrane

What is the primary defense system for humoral immunity?

Antibodies

What does humoral immunity protect against?

Most viruses, toxin producing bacteria, extracellular bacteria, and large parasites

What is the primary defense system for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

What does cell-mediated immunity protect against?

Most viruses, intracellular bacteria, and fungal pathogens

What two types of T cells are utilized in cell-mediated immunity?

Helper T cells (CD4 T cells) and Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)

What does binding of antibodies to pathogens result in?

Neutralization of viruses, neutralization of toxin produced by bacteria, and killing of pathogens by phagocytosis or complement.

What is required to be present on the host cells’ surface in association with MHC molecules in order for antigen recognition by T cells to take place?

Foreign peptides

What does MHC stand for?

Major histocompatibility complex

What does APC stand for?

Antigen presenting cell

What does TCR stand for?

T cell receptor

What 3 substances prevent viruses/bacteria from growing?

Acid, enzymes, and mucous

What structures and fluids stop germs from settling?

Hair-like structures (cilia) in the lungs or movements of the bowel muscles. Fluids like tears, sweat, and urine have the same effect.

What are phagocytes also known as?

Scavenger cells

What do white blood cells do?

They enclose germs and “digest” them. The remains of the germ move to the surface of the phagocytes where they can be detected by the adaptive immune system.

What yellow-ish substance is released to kill bacteria and other germs?

Pus (it can also cause tissue cells and IS cells to die and break down)

What do natural killer cells do?

Identify infected cells or abnormal cells (tumor cells), search for cells w/ an abnormal surface and destroy the cell surface using cytotoxins

What happens when the innate immune system fails to destroy the germs?

The adaptive innate immune system takes over

Where are T cells made?

Made in bone marrow