ch 8 lock in

define a solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

circle the letter that identifies a substance whose particles are dissolved in a solution

a. solvent

b. solute

c.solid

d.ion

b. solute

circle the letter that identifies the solvent in air.

a. oxygen

b.carbon dioxide

c. nitrogen

d. argon

a. oxygen

the process in which an ionic compound seperates into ions as it dissolves is called _____

dissociation

the process in which particles dissolve by breaking apart and scattering is called

dispersion

a _______ is transferred from each HCL molecule to a water molecule when hydrogen Chloride gas dissolves in water

proton

is the following statement true or false? dissolving by ionization is a physical change

false

what physical properties of a solution can differ from those of its solute and solvent

a._______________

b. _________________

c. ___________________

a. freezing point

b. conductivity

c. boiling point

compare the conductivites of solid sodium chloride and salt water

sodium chloride is a poor conductor and saltwater is a good conductor

circle the letters that identify what happens to water as it freezes

a. the water molecules become more organized

b. the water molecules become more disorganized

c. the water molecules ionize

d. the water molecules arrange themselves in a hexagonal patern

b. the water molecules become more disorganized

dissolving sodium hydroxide in water is an _________ process, as it releases heat

exothermic

dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is an ______________ process , as it absorbs heat

endothermic

s the following sentence true or false? breaking the attractions among solute particles and the attractions among solvent particles releases energy.

false

describe heat of solution

when energy is released or absorbed by the heat is the difference between energy required to break the solute particles

how are rates of dissolving similar to rates of chemical reactions ?

because it includes surface area , stirring and tempertature

why does powdered sugar dissolve in water faster than granulated sugar?

because the more greater the surface is the more collisions are going to happen

heating a solvent ____________ the energy of its particles, making them move faster on average, and _______________ the rate at which a solid solute can dissolve in the solvent

increases ; increases

explain how stirring or shaking a mixture of powdered detergent and water can affect the rate of dissolving

it would dissolve fast because there would be collisions occurring

define solubility

the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount at a constant temperature

list the following solute in order from most soluble to least soluble in water: table sat,baking soda,table sugar

a. table sugar

b. salt

c. baking soda

circle the letters that indentify how solutions can be classified based on solubility

a. unsaturated

b. desaturated

c. saturated

d. supersaturated

a. unsaturated

c. saturated

d. supersaturated

supersaturated

goes way by the maximum amount

saturated

reaches the maximum amount

unsaturated

does not reach the maximum amount

describe a saturated solution

is one that contains as much solute as the solvent can hold at a given temperature

A solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved is called an __________________________________

unsaturated solution

is the following sentence true or false? it is impossible for a solution to contain more solute than the solvent can hold at a given temperature

false

circle the letters of factors that affect the solubility of a solute

a. polarity of the solvent

b. amount of solvent

c. pressure

d. temperature

a. polarity of the solvent

c. pressure

d. temperature

what is a common guideline for predicting solubility?

like dissolves like

describe how soap cleans grease off your hands

soap has a nonpolar end which attracts the nonpolar grease. polarity

pressure

is a force

is the following statement true or false ? in general , the solubility of solids increases as the solvent temperatre increases

true

in general, the solubility of gases decreases as the solvent temperature _____________

increases

in general, the solubility of a gas increases as pressure ____________________

increases

what does the concentration of a solution refer to

the concentration of a solution is the amount of a solute is dissolved in a given amount of solution

circle the letters that identify ways to express the concentration of a solution.

a. density

b. percent by volume

c. percent by mass

d. molarity

b. percent by volume

c. percent by mass

d. molarity

complete the equation

percent by volume = volume of solute/volume of solution* 100%

percent by mass=

mass of solute/mass of solution *100%

it this sentence true or false/ Molarity is the number of moles of a solvent per liter of solution

false

how many grams of NaCl are needed to make 1.00 liter of a 3.00 M NaCl solution

174 g

define an acid

an acid is a compound that produces hydronium ions when dissoled in water

acetic acid

vinegar

sulfuric acid

car batteries

hydrochloric acid

digestive juices in stomach

carbonic acid

carbonated beverages

nitric acid

fertilizer production

describe some general properties of acids

acids have sour taste,react with metals and turn blue litmus paper red

red litmus paper is detemined for _______

bases

when the colors dont change their _______

nuetural

acid litmus paper

blue the turns to red

the reaction between an acid and a metal can be classified as an

single replacement reaction

explain why an indicator is useful

it allows you to classify a solution as a acid or a base

define a base

a base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

what can a gardener add to the soil to change the flowers of a hydrangea from pink to blue ?

acid

circle the letter that describes how basic solutions generally taste

a. sweet

b. sour

c. bitter

d. salty

c. bitter

is the following sentence true or false ? bases turn red litmus paper blue

true

the reaction between an acid and a base is called

neutralization

describe how a salt can be produced by a chemical reaction

during neutralization the negative ions from the acid combined with the positive ions from the base to produce a salt

acids can be described as proton ________ ; bases can be described as proton ______________

donors and acceptors