Patho-Exam 2 Review

These flashcards cover key terminology and definitions regarding various pathophysiological conditions discussed in the lecture on Inflammatory Bowel Disorders and related diseases.

Inflammatory bowel disorders

A group of inflammatory conditions of the bowel, primarily including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Acute Gastritis

An inflammation of the stomach lining that can occur suddenly.

Bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in urine, often indicating a urinary tract infection.

Hematuria

The presence of blood in urine, which can indicate various medical conditions.

Diabetes insipidus

A disorder characterized by intense thirst and the excretion of large amounts of urine.

Type 1 Diabetes Etiology

An autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Type 1 DM vs Type 2

Type 1 is insulin-dependent and autoimmune; Type 2 is often related to insulin resistance.

Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing.

GERD Etiology

Gastroesophageal reflux disease caused by acid reflux from the stomach.

Hypoparathyroid

May lead to hypocalcemia, causing muscle spasms and seizures.

Hyperthyroid

A condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones.

Hypothyroid Etiology

Can be caused by autoimmune diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Most common form of Hypothyroid

Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Thyrotoxicosis Etiology

An excessive amount of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream.

Chronic pancreatitis etiology

Long-term inflammation of the pancreas, often due to alcohol use.

Prolonged diarrhea

Can lead to metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate.

Diabetes Mellitus Complications

Can include cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar and ketone production.

Hypoparathyroid Electrolyte abnormality

Typically involves low calcium levels.

Thyroid function

Refers to how well the thyroid gland produces and regulates thyroid hormones.

Chronic renal failure (CKD)

A progressive loss of kidney function over time.

Electrolyte causing fatal dysrhythmias in CKD

Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Renal Calculi Clinical manifestations

Symptoms include severe pain, hematuria, and urinary urgency.

Ureteral Stones

Stones located in the ureters, causing pain and possible obstruction.

Pyelonephritis Causes

Often caused by bacterial infection ascending from the bladder.

Urolithiasis Risk factors

Include dehydration, dietary factors, and certain medical conditions.

Modifiable risk factor for Urolithiasis

Dietary choices, such as high oxalate intake or dehydration.

Ulcerative Colitis Lesions

Limited to the colon and rectum.

Diverticulitis Signs/Symptoms

Include abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.

Hepatitis Signs/Symptoms

May include jaundice, fatigue, and dark urine.

Hepatitis Routes of transmission

Include blood, sexual contact, and contaminated food/water.

SIADH Etiology

Caused by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Electrolyte imbalance in SIADH

Typically involves hyponatremia (low sodium levels).

Complications of GERD

Can include esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer.

Polycystic Kidney Disease Etiology

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys.

Urinary tract infection Etiology

Often caused by bacterial infection, especially in females.

Gender at higher risk for UTI

Females are at higher risk due to shorter urethra.

Stress incontinence Etiology

Caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles, often from childbirth.

Acromegaly Definition

An endocrine disorder caused by excess growth hormone.

Acromegaly Etiology

Typically caused by a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma).

Cushing's Syndrome Clinical manifestations

Include obesity, hypertension, and abnormal glucose metabolism.

Main characteristics of Cushing's Syndrome

Excessive cortisol production.

Addison's Disease Complications

Severe complications occur from adrenal insufficiency.