Patho-Exam 2 Review

Patho-Exam 2 Review Study Notes

Inflammatory Bowel Disorders

  • Definition: A group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Acute Gastritis

  • Definition: Inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by infection, irritants (like alcohol or NSAIDs), and stress, resulting in symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and upper abdominal pain.

Bacteriuria

  • Definition: The presence of bacteria in urine, which can indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) and may lead to symptoms such as increased urinary frequency, urgency, and discomfort.

Hematuria

  • Definition: The presence of blood in urine, which can result from various conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or more serious conditions like tumors or glomerulonephritis.

Diabetes Insipidus

  • Etiology: A disorder characterized by an insufficient production of the hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), leading to excessive urination and thirst. It can be caused by neurogenic issues affecting hormone production or nephrogenic issues affecting kidney response.

Type 1 Diabetes

  • Etiology: An autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to dependent insulin therapy for managing blood glucose levels.

Type 1 DM and Type 2

Differences between the conditions:

  • Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells, usually diagnosed in children and young adults.

  • Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance primarily in adults, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors, and can often be managed with diet, exercise, and oral medications initially.

How do they differ from one another?

  • Type 1: Presents with rapid onset of symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss.

  • Type 2: Gradual onset; may present with symptoms like fatigue and blurred vision but can also be asymptomatic initially.

Dysphagia

  • Definition: Difficulty swallowing, which can result from various issues such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or cancer, leading to potential nutritional deficiencies and aspiration risks.

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

  • Etiology of the pain/discomfort: Caused by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, resulting in symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain.

Hypoparathyroid

  • May result in which electrolyte abnormality?: Typically results in hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) and hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels), leading to symptoms such as muscle cramps, seizures, and tingling.

Hyperthyroid

  • Clinical manifestations: Symptoms include weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, sweating, anxiety, tremors, and palpitations, along with potential goiter formation.

Hypothyroid

  • Etiology: Often results from autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease), iodine deficiency, or thyroid surgery, leading to insufficient thyroid hormone production.

  • Most common form of?: Autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).

  • Clinical manifestations: Symptoms may include weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, and hair loss.

Thyrotoxicosis

  • Etiology: Refers to the condition resulting from excess thyroid hormones in the body, often due to conditions like Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, or thyroiditis.

Chronic Pancreatitis

  • Main etiology: Typically caused by chronic alcohol abuse or repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, leading to persistent inflammation and damage to the pancreas.

Prolonged Diarrhea

  • Metabolic acidosis: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis due to significant loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-) leading to increased acidity in the blood.

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Complications of: Include both acute complications (such as diabetic ketoacidosis) and chronic complications (such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease).

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

  • Characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketone production, and acidosis, resulting from insufficient insulin levels.

Hypoparathyroid

  • Associated electrolyte abnormality: Hypocalcemia and its symptoms including tetany and cardiac issues.

Thyroid Function/Dysfunction

Cues

  • Hormone levels and clinical features indicative of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

Chronic Renal Failure (CKD)

  • Clinical manifestations: Symptoms may include fatigue, edema, hypertension, changes in urine output, and compromised electrolyte balance.

  • Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for a client with CKD?: Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can lead to serious cardiac issues and arrhythmias.

Renal Calculi

  • Clinical manifestations (cues): Symptoms include severe flank pain, hematuria, and potentially vomiting.

Ureteral Stones

  • Clinical manifestations (cues): Similar to renal calculi, symptoms include severe pain, typically radiating to the groin, hematuria, and urinary urgency.

Pyelonephritis

  • Causes of: Typically caused by ascending urinary tract infections leading to inflammation of the kidney tissue.

Urolithiasis

  • Risk factors: Include dehydration, high dietary oxalate, urinary retention, and certain metabolic conditions.

  • Modifiable risk factor?: Increasing fluid intake to prevent stone formation.

Ulcerative Colitis

  • Where are the lesions limited to?: Lesions are limited to the mucosa layer of the colon and rectum, with potential for bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Diverticulitis

  • Signs/Symptoms: Include abdominal pain (usually on the left side), fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in bowel habits.

Hepatitis (All Types)

  • Signs/Symptoms (S/S): Symptoms may include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and clay-colored stools, with potential acute and chronic illness.

  • Routes of transmission: Varies by type (e.g., hepatitis A via fecal-oral route, hepatitis B and C through blood and bodily fluids).

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)

  • Etiology: Often due to tumors, medications, or central nervous system disorders leading to excessive release of vasopressin.

  • What causes electrolyte imbalance in a patient with SIADH?: Results in hyponatremia (low sodium levels) due to dilution as excess water is retained in the body.

GERD

  • Complications of GERD / serious potential complication: Can lead to esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus (pre-cancerous changes), and esophageal strictures.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

  • Etiology: Genetic disorder characterized by the development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, leading to progressive renal impairment.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

  • Etiology/Risk Factors: Include female gender (more anatomy-related risks), sexual activity, and use of certain contraceptives.

  • Which gender is at a higher risk to develop? Why?: Females are at a higher risk due to shorter urethra and proximity to the rectum, facilitating the ascent of bacteria.

Stress Incontinence

  • Etiology: Often caused by weakening of the pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter dysfunction, commonly seen following childbirth or with aging.

Acromegaly

  • Definition: A hormonal disorder that results from excess growth hormone, usually due to pituitary adenoma, leading to increased size of bones and tissues after the growth plates have closed.

  • Etiology: Caused primarily by a pituitary tumor that secretes excess growth hormone.

Cushing's Syndrome

  • Clinical manifestations (cues): Symptoms include obesity (specifically central obesity), moon facies, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and skin changes.

  • Main characteristics?: Characterized by overproduction of cortisol, leading to many systemic effects including increased appetite and weight gain.

Addison's Disease

  • The most severe complications associated with Addison's Disease occur from what hormone imbalance?: Acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) typically occurs from low cortisol levels, leading to severe hypotension, shock, and potentially death if untreated.