Exam 1 review-Child Growth and Development: The Foundation Years

What is the definition of child development?

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence

What are the 3 domains of development? What are the changes in each of the domains?

Physical-Body size & proportions, appearance-Functioning of body -systems, health-Perceptual & motor capacitie

-Cognitive-Intellectual abilities Attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creatively, and language.

-Emotional and Social Emotional communication Self-understanding, knowledge about others Interpersonal skills & relationships Moral reasoning & behavior

What are the 3 basic issues theories are organized around? Be able to distinguish within and between each of the 3 issues

(1)the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? (3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors in development?

By definition what are the 3 things theory can do with behavior?

(1) describe the behaviors of babies around 6 to 8 months of age, when they start to actively seek the affection and comfort of a familiar adult, (2) explain how and why infants develop this strong desire to bond with a familiar caregiver, and (3) predict the consequences of this emotional bond for future relationships.

Why have views of children and childhood changed overtime?

What are the 3 mid-twentieth-century theories?

Psychoanalytic Perspective, Behaviorism, and Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Who were the major theorist for each theory and what was the major focus of the theory?

Fred and Erikson. Focus on psychosexual stage

How does Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory differ from previous theories?

While other theories, such as Piaget's cognitive development theory, focus primarily on individual factors, Bronfenbrenner highlights the importance of the multiple, interconnected systems that influence a child's growth and learning

Continuous

a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

Psychoanalytic

An approach to personality development introduced by Freud that assumes children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety.

Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory

Behaviorism- An approach that regards directly observable events — stimuli and responses— as the appropriate focus of study and views the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning.

Social Learning Theory- An approach that emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.

Cognitive-Developmental

An approach introduced by Piaget that views children as actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world, and in which cognitive development takes place in stages.

Classical Conditioning

A form of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. Once the nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli, the neutral stimulus alone produces the behavior.

Operant conditioning

A form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that changes the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Modeling, imitation/observational learning

Observational learning, also known as modeling, is a method of learning that involves observing and imitating another person's behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions

Phenotypes

An individual's directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Distinguished from genotype.

Genotype

An individual's genetic makeup. Distinguished from phenotype.

Chromosomes

Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that store and transmit genetic information.

Autosomes

The 22 matching chromosome pairs in each human cell.

Intersex

people born with or developing sex characteristics that are not typically male or female

Meiosis

The process of cell division through which gametes are formed and in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved.

Zygote

The newly fertilized cell formed by the union of sperm and ovum at conception.

SES

A measure of an individual's social position and economic well-being that combines three related variables: years of education, the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, and income.

Affluence & Poverty

Afluence does not equal good parenting

What is the difference between genotype and

phenotypes?

Genotype is an individual’s genetic makeup and phenotype is an individual's directly observable physical and behavioral characteristics, which are determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

What do Chromosomes do? What are autosomes?

Carry the genomic information from cell to cell. Autosomes are 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that are matching pairs (NOT sex chromosomes)

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have? What is significant about the 23rd pair?

23 pairs of chromosomes. Sex chromosomes

Intersexuality

A person born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit typical definitions of female or male.

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

The difference between fraternal is not look alike and identical twins is look alike

What is the main chromosomal abnormality we discussed in class? What are the chromosomal differences in those with this abnormality?

Main chromosomal abnormality is chromosomal disorder. Does not separate properly or part of a chromosome break off

What are the 3 main reproductive choices?

Conception, Reproductive technologies, and Adoption

What is a significant factor in risk of hereditary disorders?

Have had difficulties bearing children

Know that genetic problems exist in their families

Maternal age over 35

Paternal age over 40

What are the 3 components defining SES?

(1) years of education,

(2) the prestige of one's job and the skill that's required,

(3) income 

How does affluence and poverty impact children?

lower income families are more likely to experience negative outcome than wealthier families from health, education, mental health etc

Sperm

the male reproductive cell that fertilizes an egg to create an embryo

Ovum

a mature female reproductive cell, especially of a human or other animal, which can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell.

Germinal

The two-week period from fertilization and formation of the zygote until the tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. ( 1-2 weeks)

Embryonic

The prenatal organism from 2 to 8 weeks after conception —the period when the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs.

Ectoderm

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue.

Mesoderm

the middle developmental layer between the ectoderm and endoderm, which gives rise to the skeleton, muscle, heart and bones.

Endoderm

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures.

Fetal

The prenatal organism from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy —the period during which body structures are completed and rapid growth in size occurs.

Age of viability

The age at which the fetus can first survive if born early. Occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks.

Vernix

A white, cheeselike substance that covers the fetus, protecting the skin from chapping due to constant exposure to amniotic fluid

Teratogen

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

What are the benefits and drawbacks of having children?

Benefits:

Giving and receiving warmth and affection and providing care and teaching

Enhancing life's meaning

Nurturing a new person and personality

Creating one's own family Strengthening the couple relationship through a shared project

Fulfilling a partner's desire for parenthood

Carrying on one's family name, lineage, heritage, or values

Being accepted as a responsible and mature member of the community

Having a source of caregiving and economic support in later life

Drawbacks:

Risk of birth complications

Constant worries over and responsibility forchildren's health, safety, and well-being

Fear that children will turn out badly, through nofault of one's own

Role overload-not enough time to meet bothchild-rearing and job responsibilities

Risks of bringing up children in a world plagued by crime, war, and pollution

Financial strain and sacrifices

Reduced time to spend with partner

Loss of privacy

What are the contextual factors discussed in class and in your textbook to having children?

• financial circumstances
• Religious values
• Partnership changes
• Career goals
• Health conditions
• Availability of support (government and workplace family policies)

What has happened to the fertility rates in the US over time and why?

• Delay of marriage and
parenthood
• Women’s pursuit of careers
outside the home
• Popular advice to limit
family size in the interests
of “child-rearing quality”
(false)
• Between you and your
partner

When is the best time to have children?

Before 35 age

the general process of conception from

Zygote to Blastocyst, to implantation

zygote move to down in the fallopian tube then blastocyst become a ball of dividing cells then implantation is the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining.

the 3 periods of prenatal development and

the timeframe (weeks/months) it takes place in

Germinal ( 1-2 weeks) , Embryonic (3-8 weeks) , Fetal ( 9 weeks)

the body structures that begin to form during the embryonic period in the first month and significant developments in the second month.

First Month:

central nervous system, muscles, skeleton, and internal organs.

Second Month:

Eyes, ears, nose, jaw, and neck form

First trimester

9-12 weeks
• Organs, muscles, and nervous system organize.
• External genitals are well-formed

Second trimester

3-26 weeks
• Can feel movements.
• Neurons form synapses at a rapid pace.
• Sensitivity to sound and light emerges.
• Vernix emerges on the skin, protecting the baby
• End of the trimester most neurons are in place
• 20 weeks old can be both stimulated and irritated by sound
• By the middle of the second trimester, the mother can feel
the movements of the fetus.
• If born at this time will not survive due to lung and brain
development

Third trimester

27-42 weeks
• Fetus reaches age of viability (between 22 and 26
weeks).
• Rapid gain in neural connectivity and organization
continue.
• Responsiveness to external stimulation increases.
• Extensive body growth occurs: 5 pounds and grows 7
inches
• Receives antibodies from mother
• Fetus take on the beginnings of personality
• Fetal activity is linked to infant temperament.

What is the definition of teratogen and what are common teratogens pregnant women experience?

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the
prenatal period. Drugs and Alcohol

Dilation

he action or condition of becoming or being made wider, larger, or more open.

Effacement

thinning and shortening of the cervix

Cervix

the narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus

Uterus

the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb.

Contractions

when the muscles of your uterus tighten up like a fist and then relax

Breech

A position of the baby in the uterus that would cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first.

Placenta

The organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother’s and embryo’s blood from mixing directly.

Apgar scale

A rating system on each of five characteristics—heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color—used to assess the newborn baby’s physical condition immediately after birth

Epidural

an injection in your back to stop you feeling pain in part of your body.

Cesarean

A surgical birth in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus.

Anoxia

Inadequate oxygen supply

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)- The unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation.

Moro reflex

Hold infant horizontally on back and let head drop slightly, or produce a sudden loud sound against surface supporting infant.

Palmar Grasp

Place finger in infant's hand and press against palm.

What are the 3 stages of labor, and what are the key components that take place in each?

stage 1: dilation and effacement of the cervix

stage 2: delivery of the baby

stage 3: birth of the placenta

Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix

• Longest lasting stage (12-14 hours;
first birth)
• Contractions cause the cervix to
open (dilate) and thin (efface).
• Contractions at 10-20 minutes apart
lasting around 15-20 seconds.
• Climax of stage 1 is called transition:
cervix opens completely. "Most
uncomfortable part of childbirth"
• Most important thing to do is
"relax" ***

Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby

• Lasts about 50 minutes
• Strong contractions of the uterus
• With each contraction the mother pushes until
baby's head and shoulders make it through the
birth canal (vagina)
• Cutting of umbilical cord

stage 3: Birth of the Placenta

Labor ends after the placenta has been
birthed.
• A few final contractions push the
placenta to separate from the wall of
the uterus.
• Lasts about 5 – 10 minutes
• Some individuals choose to save their
placenta or even eat it (quite a few
animals will eat their own placenta).
• Babies are designed to experience this
trauma

What is the Apgar scale? What does is measure?When is it done? What score is considered good?

Done at 1 minute and 5
minutes after birth
• Score of 7 or better: good
condition
• Score between 4 and 6: baby
needs assistance
• Score of 3 or lower: baby is in
serious danger and needs
medical attention

What are the two approaches to childbirth? How are they different? Why would a mother choose one over the other?

medical interventions or natural.

What positive and negative impacts can medical interventions have?

What are common infant reflexes and their functions?

eye blink, rooting, sucking, swimming, moro, palmar group, and tonic neck

What are common ways to soothe a crying baby?

• Hold on shoulder and rock or walk

• Swaddle

• Pacifier

• Talking or rhythmic sounds

• Ride in carriage, car, swing

• Massage

• Combine methods

the basic development and preferences of

infants 5 senses

taste, smell, hearing, vision, and touch

Know the strategies to ease the transition to parenthood.

Devise a plan for sharing household

Begin sharing child care right after the baby'S arrival.

Talk over conflicts about dedsion making and responsibilities.

Establish a balance between work and parenting.

Press for workplace and public polices that assist parents in rearing children.

the symptoms of postpartum depression.

• Feeling sad, hopeless, empty, or overwhelmed

• Crying more often than usual or for no apparent reason

• Worrying or feeling overly anxious

• Feeling moody, irritable, or restless

• Oversleeping, or being unable to sleep even when the baby is asleep

• Experiencing anger or rage

• Having trouble bonding or forming emotional attachment with baby

• Thinking of harming herself or her baby

Cephalocaudal Trend

a pattern of growth that describes how a child's body changes shape over time, from head to toe

Proximodistal Trend

An organized pattern of physical growth that proceeds from the center of the body outward. Distinguished from cephalocaudal trend.

Cerebral Cortex

The largest, most complex structure of the human brain, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses, which accounts for the highly developed intelligence of the human species.

Lateralization

Specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Invariant features of the environment.

image characteristics which remain unchanged under the action of a transformation group

Affordances

The action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities. Discovering affordances plays a major role in perceptual differentiation

What are epiphysis and fontanels and what role do they play in skeletal growth?

epiphysis grown until they get thinner and disappear, which sets final growth size of each bone. fontanels-feature of the infant human skull
comprising soft membranous gaps between the cranial bones
-Allows for birth and brain growth until adolescence.

Epiphysis role play to increase the length of a bone in skeletal growth.

fontanels role play to allow the brain and skull to grow.

process of synaptic pruning

a process that occurs throughout a person's life, where the brain removes unnecessary synapses and strengthens the remaining ones.

the cultural variation in infants sleeping arrangements.

infants to sleep in a separate room from their parents.

the nutritional and health advantages of breastfeeding over bottle feeding

breastfeeding is healthier for baby and mother and bottle feeding have sugar in it.

What are some of the gross and fine-motor skills that are developed in infancy and toddlerhood?

Gross-motor development:
Control over actions that help infants get around in
the environment
Crawling
Standing
Walking
Fine-motor development:
Control over smaller movements
Reaching
Grasping

One course of development vs. many

One course: stages are assumed to be universal. Many possible courses: behaviors reinforced and modeled may vary from child to child

Nurture vs. Nature

Nature refers to heredity; nurture refers to the environment.

Continuous vs Discontinuous development

Continuity refers to the view that development is a gradual, continuous process. Discontinuity refers to the view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages.