PHA 538 Lab 11: Special Senses Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the accessory and internal structures of the eye, extrinsic muscles, ear anatomy, visual and auditory pathways, and clinical conditions related to special senses.

Eyebrows

Short hairs located on the supraorbital margins that prevent sweat from entering the eyes.

Palpebrae (eyelids)

protect the eyes and spread lacrimal fluid (tears)

Conjunctiva

lubricate the eye

Lacrimal caruncle

oily secretion to lubricate the eye.

Lacrimal gland

secretes lacrimal fluid containing mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme.

Lacrimal puncta

allow lacrimal fluid to drain

Nasolacrimal duct

allows lacrimal fluid to drain from the eyes.

Inferior oblique

elevates and laterally rotates the eye oculomotor nerve $CN\,III$ .

Medial rectus

adducts the eye oculomotor nerve, $CN\,III$in superior orbital fissure. originates common tendinous, inserts on the sclera

Superior rectus

elevates and medially rotates the eye oculomotor nerve, $CN\,III$ in superior orbital fissure. originates common tendinous, inserts on the sclera

Inferior rectus

depresses and laterally rotates the eye oculomotor nerve, $CN\,III$. in superior orbital fissure originates floor of the orbit inserts on the sclera

Superior oblique

abducts, depresses, and medially rotates the eye trochlear nerve, $CN\,IV$.in superior orbital fissure. originates common tendinous, inserts on the sclera

Lateral rectus

abducts the eye abducens nerve, $CN\,VI$.in superior orbital fissure. originates common tendinous, inserts on the sclera

Sclera

maintain eyeball shape and provides attachment for extrinsic muscles.

Cornea

light refraction

Choroid

provides nutrients to the retina and absorbs excess light.

Ciliary body

it controls lens shape and produces aqueous humor.

Iris

controls the amount of light entering through the pupil.

Pupil

allows light to enter the eye.

Retina

absorb and convert light

Ora serrata

transition zone

Macula lutea

focal point for light rays.

Fovea centralis

greatest visual acuity.

Optic disc (blind spot)

lacks photoreceptors.

Optic nerve

Purely sensory nerve ($CN\,II$) that exits the posterior eye through the optic canal to send visual information to the brain.

Lens

helps focus light into the fovea

Anterior cavity

contains aqueous humor

Aqueous humor

nourishes the lens and cornea.

Vitreous humor

maintains eye shape, keeps the retina in place.

Auricle (pinna)

collects/directs sound waves

External auditory meatus

transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane.

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

vibration and transmission

Malleus

transmits and amplifies vibrations

Incus

transmits and amplifies vibrations

Stapes

transmit and amplify vibrations.

Oval window

transmits vibrations from the stapes

Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

equalize pressure

Cochlea

processes sound stimuli.

Vestibule

detects gravity

Semicircular canals

rotational equilibrium.

Olfactory epithelium

contains olfactory sensory neurons.

Olfactory bulb

contains second-order neurons that synapse with $CN\,I$.

Olfactory tract

carry olfactory information to the hypothalamus and other brain areas.

Primary olfactory cortex

processes olfactory sensory information.

Taste buds

sensing food particles.

Primary gustatory cortex

where taste information is processed.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva (pinkeye) caused by bacteria or viruses; it is highly contagious.

Cataracts

Cloudiness of the lens caused by breaking and clumping of proteins, resulting in hazy or blurry vision.

Retinal detachment

A medical emergency where the retina pulls away from the choroid, risking permanent vision loss due to lack of blood supply.

Glaucoma

Excessive build-up of aqueous humor causing increased intraocular pressure that can damage the retina and optic nerve.

Anosmia

Loss of the sense of smell due to injury, neurodegenerative disorder, cold virus, or congenital causes.

vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve

transmits impulses from vestibule into brainstem