4.2 Glycolysis Practice Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the concepts of ATP structure/function and the process of glycolysis based on the OpenStax Biology lecture notes.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A small molecule that acts as the primary energy currency of cells, containing potential energy within its bonds to perform cellular work.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A molecule composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group; it is one of the nucleotides in RNA.

Ribose

A $5$-carbon sugar found in RNA and as a component of AMP, ADP, and ATP.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A molecule formed by the addition of a second phosphate group to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Hydrolysis

The process of releasing one or two phosphate groups from ATP, which releases energy for the cell to use.

Glycolysis

The first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cell metabolism, which takes place in the cytoplasm of most prokaryotic and all eukaryotic cells.

Glucose

A $6$-carbon, ring-shaped sugar molecule that serves as the starting material for glycolysis.

Pyruvate

A $3$-carbon sugar produced as the end result of glycolysis; one glucose molecule yields $2$ pyruvate molecules.

NADH (nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide)

A molecule produced during the second part of the glycolysis pathway along with ATP.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

An intermediate molecule produced during the multi-step process of converting glucose into pyruvate.

Glycolysis Phase 1

The first part of the glycolysis pathway where energy is used to adjust the $6$-carbon sugar so it can be split evenly into two $3$-carbon molecules.

Glycolysis Phase 2

The second part of the glycolysis pathway where ATP and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are produced.

Net ATP yield of Glycolysis

The harvest of $2$ ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose if the cell cannot catabolize the pyruvate molecules further.