US History Test 3

What were teh two “Great Crisis” since Civil War?

1. The Great Depression

2. World War 2

What personal traits did someone need to have to lead a country through both the Great Depression and WW2?

Optimism, Courage, and Flexibility

What important Acts happened during FDR’s first 100 days in office?

Bank Holiday, National Recovery Administration, and Agricultural Adjustment Act, “Fire side Chats”

What was the Bank Holiday?

The FEDS reviewed the banks. This reassured Americans.

What was the National Recovery Administration?

Two million worked with labor & govt.

It set wages and prices. 

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? 

Farmers were paid to take land out of cultivation. This rose crop prices. 

What were “Fireside Chats"?

FDR used radio broadcasts to keep citizens informed about government happenings.

What were the “Back to Work” programs called?

They were called Civil Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps. 

What did the Civil Works Administration do?

It was job building. They built roads, schools, and public buildings. 

What did the Works Progress Administration do? 

It was special projects which hired writers, artists, and actors. 

What was the Civilian Conservation Corps?

The youth worked in parks and recreation, got three meals a day and got thirty bucks a month. Twenty-five of this was sent home and they got to keep five bucks a month. 

What were the two big landmarks of 1935?

The Wagner Act, and the Social Security Act

What was the Wagner Act?

The Wagner Act allowed unions to be organized by workers. It outlawed unfair business practices. It also established N.I.R.B.

What was the Social Security Act? 

It established govt aid to less fortunate:

1. Poor

2. Elderly

3. Disabled

This was a tremendous psychological boost to civilians.

Who was the Liberty League?

They were Fiscal conservatives

People like Coolidge who were Mellon Republicans. 

Big Business

Al Smith

Who were some popular leftis?

1. Father Coughlin - Radio Host

2. Huey Long - “Share our Wealth

3. Dr. Townshend - California physician

What did FDR’s campaign do in the election of 1936?

Attack the rich and promised even more reform.

Who was apart of the Roosevelt Coalition?

1. Poor

2. Blacks

3. Ethnic Voters

4. Labor

What was the legacy of the New Deal?

1. Eased Hardship of millions

2. Restored confidence in U.S. Political institutions

3. Changed role of First Lady

4. Shifted black voters from Republican Party to the Democratic Party

5. Ushered in era of “Big Government”

How did the role of the First Lady change?

It became a position of social justice. It became an office that spoke out for groups that were ignored in DC.

What was apart of this era of “Big Government”

1. Federal employees

2. Bureaucracies. 

What was FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy

1. FDR denounced past imperialism in Latin America

2. Kept Germany from gaining a foothold in WWII

What was FDR worried about in terms of Foreign Affairs?

He was worried about German & Japanese aggression.

What was the America First Committee?

Opponents who protested the drift to war by FDR. It was well financed and very active.

Who made up the America First Committee? 

Celebrities & intellectuals. 

How did WWII begin?

It began with the invasion of Poland in Sept. 1939.

What countries was Japan invading during WWII?

1. Manchuria

2. China

3. Indochina

What exports did the US cut to Japan?

“Strategic materials”

1. Oil

2. Steel

3. Scrap Iron

What happened Dec 7. 1941? “A date that will live in infamy?”

Pearl Harbor

Who said “A date that will live in Infamy” after Pearl Harbor?

FDR said that.

What happened after Pearl Harbor to Japanese American citizens? 

120,000 citizens of Japanese decent were put into camps. 

How many continents was the war fought on?

It was fought on three different continents.

What area of the war proved difficult for the U.S.?

The Pacific Theater proved difficult because Japan refused to surrender. 

What was the lasting symbolism of Pearl Harbor?

The U.S. was a victim of attack for the first time.

How did WWII end the Great Depression?

It ended it because the economy geared up for the war effort.

What were rationed?

Scarce goods like sugar and coffee were rationed for the troops. 

How much more women joined the labor force during WWII?

It was 25% in 1940 before the war to 36% after the war started in 1945. 

What were the women’s jobs seen as during WWII?

They were seen as patriotic but temporary.

What was the lasting symbol of the jump in women in the workforce? 

“Rosie the Riveter” (the “we can do it” girl)

Who was the “Big 3” of the Yalta conference?

1. W. Churchill

2. F. Roosevelt

3. J. Stalin. 

What were the main issues of the Yalta conference?

1. Govt of Poland

2. Division of Germany

What was Stalin given at the Yalta conference? 

He was given Eastern Europe as a “buffer zone” 

What did many call The Yalta Conference?

They condemned it as a “sell-out.”

What were the roots of the Cold War?

Western fears of the U.S.S.R.

Soviet fears of the west

What were the western fears of the U.S.S.R.

1. They were afraid of a non-agression pact between Hitler & Stalin.

2. They were also afraid of the continual threat of “world revolution.”

What were the Soviets fears of the west?

1. They were excluded from major meeting since 1917.

2. They delayed on helping soviets at the second front during WWII

3. Stalin wanted the buffer zone against western invasion. 

What was the U.S.’s containment plan,

First we received intel from a spy named Mr. X (George Kennen)

We found that Russia did not want war, but they would test U.S.

U.S. must draw clear limits to Soviet expansion (eastern Europe only)

What was the Truman Doctrine?

U.S would aid nation against communist aggression.

What was the Marshall Plan?

U.S. gave vast sum of money for reconstruction of Europe 

What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

U.S., Canada, and 9 European nations aggreed to mutual defense. It was the first peacetime military alliance in U.S. history. It made the soviets very scared of the west.

What was NATO the first of?

It was the first peacetime military alliance in U.S. history.

What was the Berlin Airlift?

It was a Cold War test case

Soviets blocked land routes to Berlin

U.S. dropped aid by air. 

Who was Gail Halverson

U.S. pilot who dropped candy for the kids of Berlin. They made a lasting impression on the German people as Americans are extremely nice.

What did the National Security Act create? 

It created the Dept. of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a National Security Council. 

What did the Department of Defense do?

Unified American armed forces.

What did the CIA do?

Agency for coordination of all intelligence gathering (spies).

What did the National Security Council do?

They advised the president.

What were Truman’s traumas?

1. “losing” China to the communists in 1949.

2. Korean conflic 1950-1953

What was the Federal Employee Loyalty Program?

This was an executive order from President Truman. It required federal employees to take oaths of loyalty or be discharged from duty. 

What did the House committee on Un-American Activities do? 

1. Investigated the film industry for communist influences. 

2. The “Hollywood Ten” served prison terms. 

How did McCarthyism start, and what happened?

It started with Sen. Joe McCarthy giving a speech in Wheeling, WV. During the speech he claimed that he had a list of communists working in the U.S. gov. He also accused the U.S. army of being infiltrated by the “Reds.” He smeared his critics. This capitalized on the anxiety about commie subversion. U.S. senate voted to censure him. 

Who was Dwight D. Eisenhower?

He was the allied commander on D.Day. He was a career soldier. He new how to delegate work to subordinates. 

Who was John Foster Dulles?

He was the Sec. of state during the Eisenhower admin. 

What was John Foster Dulles’s beliefs?

1. Containment immoral, recognized soviet gains. 

2. He thought small nations must choose us or the commies. 

3. He believed “Brinkmanship” would undermine Soviet power. 

What did Dulles’s brother lead?

He lead the C.I.A.

What class were suburbs inhabited by?

They were inhabited by the middle class.

What were the characteristics of a suburb?

1. Conformity

2. Family togetherness

3. Dependence on automobiles. 

What were the areas of the greatest growth in life in the suburbs? 

1. Church membership

2. School attendance

3. Television watching

Who was Walt Disney?

A cartoonist turned founder of the world’s largest media empire.

What were the national fads brought out by Walt Disney?

1. Davy Crockett

2. Mickey Mouse Club

What was the first theme park in the U.S.?

Disneyland.

What did Walt Disney do for culture?

He set the standard for cartoons & children’s culture into 21st century. He was a marketing genius. 

What did the Highway Act of 1956 act do? 

It created the interstate system. This stimulated the economy, and shaped metro growth patterns & suburbs. 

What was a consequence of the Highway Act of 1956?

Cities became much less livable. There was an erosion of tax base in the cities with the middle class moving out. There were fewer jobs for city dwellers. The new freeways bisect and isolate neighborhoods. 

What did the Brown V. Board of Ed decide?

1. Segregated schools ruled unconstitutional 

2. Integrate “with all deliberate speed”

What was Dr. M.L King Jr’s strategy when it came to advocating for equal rights?

Non-violent civil disobedience.

What were Eisenhower’s actions during the civil rights movement?

He sent federal troops to defend black children at Little Rock Arkansas

He esablished the Commission on Civil Rights

Who launched Sputnik, the first satellite?

The soviets

What was the U.S. response to the launch of Sputnik?

1. They established the National Aeronautics & Space Administrations (NASA)

2. They established the National Defense Education Act to upgrade the teaching of science. 

What did Eisenhower warn in his farewell address

He warned of the department of defense being in line with big corporations. He warned of university intellectuals with cold war theories. He believed that all who profit from war games would be fair game for protests. This was prophetic for the future. 

Who were the candidates for the Election of 1960

Dem. John F. Kennedy Vs. Rep. Richard M. Nixon.

What were the candidate handicaps between JFK and Richard Nixon?

JFK: Was a Roman Catholic

Richard Nixon: Was nicknamed Tricky Dick for being a bitch.

Who did JFK promise federal aid for?

1. Education

2. Center cities

3. Appalachia

How was Kennedy a true “Cold Warrior?”

He vowed to win the space race with U.S.S.R. 

He would put an American on the moon by the end of the decade. 

What was the Bay of Pigs operation?

It was the first big test for JFK.

The CIA planned counter revolution in Cuba. 

The invasion was a disaster

It was the lowest point of the JFK administration

What was the Berlin Wall?

The soviets built it to stop the “Brain Drain” to the West. It was an ugly symboly of repression. JFK was criticized for his inaction. 

What was the Cuban Missle Crisis? 

Soviets had installed missiles which were aimed at the U.S.

JFk ordered a naval blockade of Cuba

It was a very tense 13 days

It was a turning point for JFk 

What were the results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

It created a “Hot Line” between D.C. & Moscow. They formed a treaty which banned nuclear testing. Khrushchev took JFk more seriously. 

What were teh results of violent police suppression of peaceful protests in Alabama? 

1. JFK intervened on behalf of blacks. 

2. Congress asked for civil rights laws. 

What happened when JFK died?

It was a National Trauma

There were four days of TV coverage

What did the Warren commission find regarding the JFK assassination and what were the consequences?

1. They found that JFK was shot by one Lee Harvey Oswald. 

2. This led to many conspiracy theories.