FA Internal - Upper Respiratory | Quizlet

What is rhinitis

Inflammation of nasal mucosa

What causes rhinitis

1. Plant pollens or fungal spore

2. Virus - IBR, BRSP, BVD, Adeno, rinderpest

3. Allergic rhinitis

4. Nasal eosinophillic granuloma - norcardia spp

5. Foreign body

C/S of Rhinitis

1. Nasal discharge

2. Lacrimation

3. Sneezing

4. Head shaking

5. Nose rubbing

6. Stretor - noisy breathing

7. Dyspnea

May cause decrease app - bs Inflammation or oral cavity

How to treat nasal rhinitis

Often resolves w/o

1. Remove cause

2. Mucolytic drug - bromhexine

3. Corticosteroid - block hypersensitivity reaction (Careful bc immuno supressive)

- Dexamethasone IV or IM

Causes of nasal cavity obstruction

1. Allergies (swelling etc)

2. Enzootic granuloma

3. Foreign body

4. Neoplasia

5. Polyps - soft growth in the nasal mucosa

Treatment of nasal cavity obstruction

Same as rhinitis

1. Remove causative agent esp allergies or FO

2. Mucolytic drugs - Bromhexine (oral with food or water)

3. Corticosteroids - dexamethasone IV or IM if allergic rxn

C/S of nasal cavity obstruction

Same as rhinitis

1. Nasal discharge

2. Lacrimation

3. Sneezing

4. Rubbing nose

5. Shaking head

6. Stretor

7. Dyspnea

What is epistaxis or hemophytis

Bleeding from the nose - uni or bilateral

Causes of epistaxis / hemophytis

1. Truma

2. Bleeding disorders i.e., clotting factors

3. Neoplasia

4. Caudal vena cava Thrombosis - due to acidosis

C/S of epistaxis / hemophytis

Uni of bilateral bleeding from the nose

How to diagnose epistaxis / hemophytis

1. Blood analysis - HCT, HGB, RBC, PLT - decreased

Serve bleeding connected with anemia

Treatment of epistaxis / hemophytis

1. Treat primary cause i.e., acidosis, trauma, bleeding disorders

2. Rest

3. Blood transfusion in serve cases - HT <18%

What is pharyngitis

Inflammation of pharynx - abscesses or trauma

Causes of pharyngitis

1. Trauma

2. Viral - IBR, BRSV, BVD, adeno, finder

3. Bacterial - F. Necrophorum*, A. Pyogenes, Actinobacillus, pasturella, bordatella

C/S of pharyngitis

1. Nasal discharge

2. Salivation

3. Cough

4. Swelling & pain of throat (not paralysis bc pain)

5. Painful swallowing

6. Decrease appetite

7. Extended head

8. Dyspnea

Treatment of pharyngitis

1. Soft wet food

2. NSAID - Flunixin - IV or IM (IV less tissue reactive)

3. Antibiotics - tilcomycin, penicillin

What is sinusitis

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Frontal - associated with horns

Maxillary - associated with dental

Causes of sinusitis

Frontal

1. Dehorning

2. Horn injuries

Maxillary

3. Dental disease

4. Bacteria - A. Pyogenes, P. Multicocida

5. Respiratory virus

6. Neoplasia

C/S of Sinusitis

1. Purulent discharge from entrance to sinus

2. Nasal discharge

3. Sinus is painful & hot

4. Smell

5. Dull on percussion

6. Deformed head - edema & swelling

7. Neurological esp in frontal bacteria crossing BBB

8. Stretor

9. Anorexia, lethargy

Observation of cow with sinusitis

1. Symmetry - deformed area of head

2. Painful & hot

3. Percussion - dull

4. Purulent discharge - form sinus to entrance & nose

5. Smell

How to treat sinusitis?

1. Open sinus & drainage

- daily with antiseptic solution

- 0.1% povidone iodine or chlorhexine in saline

- Betadine 1-3L every day (don't leave for one day bc will crust & close)

2. Antibiotics - Penicillin, tilcomycin - IM

3. NSAIDs - Flunixin - IV or IM

What is laryngitis & tracheitis ?

inflammation of the larynx and trachea

Causes of laryngitis & tracheitis

1. Allergy

2. Bacterial - A. Pyogenes, P. Multicocid etc.

3. Viral - IBR, BRSP, BVD, Adeno, Rinder

4. Smoke, noxious gas, dust

C/S of laryngitis & tracheitis

General

1. Cough

2. Stridor

3. Dyspnea

Servere & Toxaemia

1. Fever

2. Nasal discharge: serous, Purulent, blood

3. Red mucus membranes

4. Dyspnea

5. Can't lay down

(Laminitis bc toxins)

Treatment of laryngitis & tracheitis

1. Rest

2. AB - tilcomycin, penicillin

3. NSAID - Flunixin IV bc toxemia

Serve dyspnea

1. Glucocorticoids - dexamethasone - IV or IM

2. Tracheotomy

What is laryngeal edema?

swelling of the larynx, bc of edema - Can't breath

Causes of laryngeal edema

1. Acute serve inflammation

2. Anaphylaxis

3. Serve attack with black flies - simulium spp

4. Swallow a bee or wasp

C/S of laryngeal edema

1. Cough

2. Stridor

3. Serve inspiratory dyspnea - can't breath

Treatment of laryngeal edema

1. Glucocorticoids - dexamethasone IM

2. Tracheotomy