Corrections Final

What is parole?

The early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of their sentence.

Who is considered the father of parole?

Alexander Maconochie.

What did Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) rule?

Offenders have basic rights at a parole revocation hearing.

What type of offenses do the largest percentage of parolees have?

Drug offenses.

What is indeterminate sentencing?

Sentencing that includes a range of years to potentially be served by the offender.

What is determinate sentencing?

Sentencing that consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in the term served.

What does the reintegration era advocate for?

Limited incarceration and preferring probation for nonviolent offenders.

When does reentry programming typically begin?

Six months prior to an offender's release.

Who appoints the majority of state parole board members?

The governor.

What is a key concern in discretionary parole decisions?

Recidivism probability.

What is the role of a parole revocation officer?

Responsible for holding preliminary revocation hearings and reviewing allegations against parolees.

What happens to most offenders in prison eventually?

They are released, although discretionary parole releases have decreased recently.

What is universal design in prison construction?

Design that complies with ADA requirements and accommodates all inmate needs universally.

What is the goal of screening in corrections?

Quickly identifies emergency situations and inmates requiring more extensive intervention prior to placement.

What does malingering refer to?

Inmates falsely claiming and consciously faking symptoms of illness.

What is the most common mood disorder associated with offender populations?

Major Depressive Disorder.

What type of offender is of greatest concern to the criminal justice system?

Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Where are most sex offenders housed?

With the general population, where they are likely to be victimized by other offenders.

What is a key question regarding special needs offenders?

Whether they should be kept in contact with the mainstream inmate population or segregated.

What is notable about the female incarceration rate?

It is nearly twice that for men, with most incarcerated for nonviolent offenses.

Where were women imprisoned until the 1800s?

In the same facilities as men.

When did the first female prison open?

In Indiana in 1874.

What is the chivalry hypothesis?

The theory that there is a bias in the criminal justice system against giving women harsh punishments.

What contributed to women's convictions post-Civil War?

Absence of men, industrialization making women more visible, and an increase in crime.

What developed alongside female custodial prisons?

Women's reformatories.

What does collateral damage from incarceration include?

Children displaying PTSD symptoms, school difficulties, and increased likelihood of mothers' recidivism.

What did Glover v. Johnson (1988) require?

Equal programming for female inmates as provided to male inmates.

What is notable about women in community supervision?

The majority are Caucasian American, while those incarcerated tend to be African American.

What does Parens Patriae mean?

Latin for 'parent of the country'.

What is the primary premise of juvenile courts?

To act in the best interests of the child.

What did Kent v. United States (1966) rule?

Juveniles waived to adult court without due process receive less legal protection and rehabilitation.

What was ruled in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)?

Jury trials are not required in juvenile court under the Fourteenth Amendment.

What is the purpose of the juvenile justice system?

To treat and reform youth.

How is screening for youth in custody most commonly done?

Through staff-administered questions and interviews.

How much more likely are abused/neglected youth to be arrested as juveniles?

Nearly five times more likely than non-abused youth.

What are life-course-persistent offenders?

Adolescents whose delinquent behavior continues into adulthood.

What is child neglect?

Failure by a caretaker to provide necessary support, education, or medical care required by law.

What might indicate child sexual abuse?

Jealousy and overprotectiveness by a parent.

In what type of programs are female juvenile offenders more commonly placed?

Residential treatment programs.

What are the types of program evaluations?

Implementation, process, and outcome evaluations.

Who are stakeholders in corrections?

Agency personnel, community members, and the offender population.

What are hybrid prisons?

Facilities partially funded by both state and private funds.

What legal challenges have state corrections faced?

More constitutional legal problems than private systems.

What must correctional agency goals be translated into?

Measurable outcomes when evaluating agencies.