Biology 10H - Chapter 5: Section 3 "Cellular Respiration"
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50 Terms
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oxygen, ATP
**Cellular Energy:**
* ________ __in the air you breath makes the production of__ _____ more efficient, although some ATP is made without oxygen
* ________ __in the air you breath makes the production of__ _____ more efficient, although some ATP is made without oxygen
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Aerobic Respiration
Metabolic processes that require oxygen
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Anaerobic Respiration
Metabolic processes that do not require oxygen; Means “without air”
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glucose, pyruvate, ATP, NADH
**The stages of Cellular Respiration: 2 stages**
* Stage 1: ____________ is converted to ____________, producing a small amount of__ ____ __and__ ________
* Stage 2: When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide
* Stage 1: ____________ is converted to ____________, producing a small amount of__ ____ __and__ ________
* Stage 2: When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide
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oxygen, NADH, large, ATP
**The stages of Cellular Respiration: 2 stages**
* Stage 1: Glucose is converted to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
* Stage 2: When __________ __is present, pyruvate and ________ are used to make a__ ______ __amount of__ ______
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide
* Stage 1: Glucose is converted to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
* Stage 2: When __________ __is present, pyruvate and ________ are used to make a__ ______ __amount of__ ______
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide
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lactate, carbon dioxide
**The stages of Cellular Respiration: 2 stages**
* Stage 1: Glucose is converted to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
* Stage 2: When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either ________ __or__ ______ __and__ ________ _________
* Stage 1: Glucose is converted to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
* Stage 2: When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP
* When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either ________ __or__ ______ __and__ ________ _________
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Glycolysis
A series of reactions in the cytoplasm that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
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* Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain), 2 NADH
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* Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain), 2 NADH
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Krebs cycle
A chain of reactions occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria that produces small amounts of ATP and NADH, as well as FADH2. It uses oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide as products.
* 2 ATP gained; Aerobic
* 2 ATP gained; Aerobic
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Electron Transport Chain
A series of molecules that electrons go through in the third step of cellular respiration, and most ATP is made here
* Occurs in the presence of oxygen, where pyruvate and NADH are used to make large amounts of ATP
* Occurs in the presence of oxygen, where pyruvate and NADH are used to make large amounts of ATP
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sugar splitting
What does glycolysis mean?
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Krebs cycle, ETC
Which reactions are aerobic in cellular respiration?
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glycolysis, fermentation
Which reactions are anaerobic in cellular respiration?
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glucose, cytoplasm, hydrogen, NAD+
**Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose - Glycolysis**
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, ___________ __is broken down in the__ __________ during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its ________ __atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called__ ________; This forms an electron carrier called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, ___________ __is broken down in the__ __________ during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its ________ __atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called__ ________; This forms an electron carrier called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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acceptor, NADH, phosphate, two, glucose
**Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose - Glycolysis**
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron ________ __called NAD+; This forms an electron__ carrier called _______
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: __________ __groups from__ ______ __ATP molecules are transferred to a__ ___________ molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron ________ __called NAD+; This forms an electron__ carrier called _______
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: __________ __groups from__ ______ __ATP molecules are transferred to a__ ___________ molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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electron carrier, six, two, NADH, phosphate
**Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose - Glycolysis**
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called NAD+; This forms an _______ ________ called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting ______carbon compound is broken down to__ _____ three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two ________ __molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more__ __________ group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called NAD+; This forms an _______ ________ called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting ______carbon compound is broken down to__ _____ three-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two ________ __molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more__ __________ group
* Step 4: Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process
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three, pyruvate, four ATP
**Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose - Glycolysis**
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called NAD+; This forms an electron carrier called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two ________-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each ________-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon__ _________, producing__ _____ ________ molecules in the process
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* In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis
* As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called NAD+; This forms an electron carrier called NADH
* Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
* Step 1: Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule
* Step 2: The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two ________-carbon compounds
* Step 3: Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group
* Step 4: Each ________-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon__ _________, producing__ _____ ________ molecules in the process
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activation energy
There’s a total of four ATP molecules made in glycolysis, but only a net gain of two. Two are used for what?
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oxygen, mitochondria, two-carbon
Stage two: Production of ATP
* When __________ __is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a__ _________ __(matrix) and is converted to a__ ________-___________ compound
* This reaction produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called Coenzyme A (CoA), forming a compound called acetyl-CoA
* When __________ __is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a__ _________ __(matrix) and is converted to a__ ________-___________ compound
* This reaction produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called Coenzyme A (CoA), forming a compound called acetyl-CoA
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carbon dioxide, NADH, acetyl group
Stage two: Production of ATP
* When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion (matrix) and is converted to a two-carbon compound
* This reaction produces one ______ ______ __molecule, one__ ______ __molecule, and one two-carbon__ _____ _______ (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called Coenzyme A (CoA), forming a compound called acetyl-CoA
* When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion (matrix) and is converted to a two-carbon compound
* This reaction produces one ______ ______ __molecule, one__ ______ __molecule, and one two-carbon__ _____ _______ (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called Coenzyme A (CoA), forming a compound called acetyl-CoA
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coenzyme A, acetyl-CoA
Stage two: Production of ATP
* When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion (matrix) and is converted to a two-carbon compound
* This reaction produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called _______ __(CoA), forming a compound called ______________
* When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion (matrix) and is converted to a two-carbon compound
* This reaction produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group (transition step)
* The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called _______ __(CoA), forming a compound called ______________
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Krebs cycle
A series of enzyme-assisted reactions where acetyl-CoA enters and produces some ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
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Citric Acid Cycle, enzyme
Krebs cycle; _____ ____ _______:
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of _______-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of _______-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
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four, six, coeynzme A, carbon dioxide
Krebs cycle; Citric Acid Cycle:
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a ______-carbon compound, forming a__ ______-carbon compound and__ __releasing________________
* Step 2: _______ _________ is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a ______-carbon compound, forming a__ ______-carbon compound and__ __releasing________________
* Step 2: _______ _________ is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
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five, electrons, NAD+, NADH
Krebs cycle; Citric Acid Cycle:
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a _______-carbon compounds;__ _______ __are transferred to__ ______, making a molecule of__ ________
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a _______-carbon compounds;__ _______ __are transferred to__ ______, making a molecule of__ ________
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
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ATP, NADH, four, new, FAD
Krebs cycle; Citric Acid Cycle:
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of _____ __and a molecule of__ ______ are made
* Step 4: The existing _______-carbon compound is converted to a__ ____ __four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called__ ______, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of _____ __and a molecule of__ ______ are made
* Step 4: The existing _______-carbon compound is converted to a__ ____ __four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called__ ______, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of NADH is produced
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FADH2, electron carrier, NADH
Krebs cycle; Citric Acid Cycle:
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of _______, another type of__ _____ ________
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of _______ is produced
* Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
* Step 1: Acetyl-CoA combined with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A
* Step 2: Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compounds; Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH
* Step 3: Carbon dioxide is released from the compound; A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made
* Step 4: The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound; Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of _______, another type of__ _____ ________
* Step 5: The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle; Another molecule of _______ is produced
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NAD+, FAD
What are the two electron acceptors associated with cellular respiration?
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NADH, FADH2
What are the two electron carriers associated with cellular respiration?
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aerobic, electrons, electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain:
* In ________ __respiration,__ ______ __donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an__ ______ _______ _______
* In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membranes (cristae) of mitochondria
* At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with oxygen molecules forming water molecules
* In ________ __respiration,__ ______ __donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an__ ______ _______ _______
* In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membranes (cristae) of mitochondria
* At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with oxygen molecules forming water molecules
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eukaryotic, inner, cristae, mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain:
* In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain
* In __________ __cells, the electron transport chain is located in the__ ____ __membranes (__________) of__ ________________
* At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with oxygen molecules forming water molecules
* In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain
* In __________ __cells, the electron transport chain is located in the__ ____ __membranes (__________) of__ ________________
* At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with oxygen molecules forming water molecules
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hydrogen ions, electrons, oxygen, water
Electron Transport Chain:
* In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain
* In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membranes (cristae) of mitochondria
* At the end of the electron transport chain, _________ ____ __and spent _____________ combine __with__ _______ __molecules forming__ ________ molecules
* In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain
* In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membranes (cristae) of mitochondria
* At the end of the electron transport chain, _________ ____ __and spent _____________ combine __with__ _______ __molecules forming__ ________ molecules
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fermentation
What occurs in the absence of oxygen?
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oxygen, NAD+, anaerobic, electrons, pyruvate, glycolysis
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen:
* When _______ __is__ __not__ __present,__ ___ __is recycled in another way; Under__ _______ __conditions,__ ______ __carried by NADH are transferred to__ _________ __produced during__ __________
* This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ATP through glycolysis
* The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor is called fermentation
* When _______ __is__ __not__ __present,__ ___ __is recycled in another way; Under__ _______ __conditions,__ ______ __carried by NADH are transferred to__ _________ __produced during__ __________
* This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ATP through glycolysis
* The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor is called fermentation
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ATP, glycolysis, organic hydrogen acceptor
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen:
* When oxygen is not present, NAD+ is recycled in another way; Under the anaerobic conditions, electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis
* This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ______ __through__ ________
* The recycling of NAD+ using an _______ _______ _________ is called fermentation
* When oxygen is not present, NAD+ is recycled in another way; Under the anaerobic conditions, electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis
* This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ______ __through__ ________
* The recycling of NAD+ using an _______ _______ _________ is called fermentation
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Fermentation
The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor.
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lactic acid and alcoholic
What are the two types of fermentation?
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three, pyruvate, lactate, glycolysis
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
* In some organisms, a _______-carbon__ _______ __is converted to a three-carbon__ ______ through lactic acid fermentation
* Fermentation enables ___________ to continue producing ATP in muscles as long as the glucose supply lasts
* In some organisms, a _______-carbon__ _______ __is converted to a three-carbon__ ______ through lactic acid fermentation
* Fermentation enables ___________ to continue producing ATP in muscles as long as the glucose supply lasts
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ATP, muscles, glucose
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
* In some organisms, a three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate through lactic acid fermentation
* Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue producing ______ __in__ ______ __as long as the__ _______ supply lasts
* In some organisms, a three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate through lactic acid fermentation
* Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue producing ______ __in__ ______ __as long as the__ _______ supply lasts
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glycogen
How is glucose stored in muscle tissue?
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pyruvate, ethanol, two, CO2
Alcoholic Fermentation:
* In some organisms, the three-carbon ________ __is broken down to__ _____ __(ethyl alcohol), a__ _____-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation;__ _______ is released
* As is lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ is recycled, and glycolysis can continue to produce ATP
* In some organisms, the three-carbon ________ __is broken down to__ _____ __(ethyl alcohol), a__ _____-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation;__ _______ is released
* As is lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ is recycled, and glycolysis can continue to produce ATP
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NAD+, glycolysis, ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation:
* In some organisms, the three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation; CO2 is released
* As is lactic acid fermentation, ______ __is recycled, and__ _______ __can continue to produce__ ______
* In some organisms, the three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation; CO2 is released
* As is lactic acid fermentation, ______ __is recycled, and__ _______ __can continue to produce__ ______
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oxygen, fermentation, aerobic, ATP
**Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation:**
* When ___________ __is not present, cells recycle NAD+ through__ _________________
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**Production of ATP:**
* When oxygen is present, ________ __respiration occurs to produce__ ____
* When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs instead
* Lactic Acid
* Ethanol and CO2
* When ___________ __is not present, cells recycle NAD+ through__ _________________
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**Production of ATP:**
* When oxygen is present, ________ __respiration occurs to produce__ ____
* When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs instead
* Lactic Acid
* Ethanol and CO2
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38
How many ATP molecules total are made during aerobic respiration?
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2
How many ATP molecules total are made during anaerobic respiration?
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lactic acid fermentation
What kind of fermentation occurs in humans?
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alcoholic fermentation
What kind of fermentation occurs in microorganisms?
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18
How many more times is aerobic respiration than anaerobic?
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NADH, FADH2, Oxygen
What is needed for the ETC?
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CO2
What is released from the cell in the Krebs cycle?
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H2O
What is released from the cell in the ETC?