AP Gov - Unit 1 ✅

Politics

The process of influencing the actions and policies of government

Government

The rules and institutions that make up the system of policymaking

Democracy

A system of government where power is held by the people

Natural rights

The right to life, liberty, and property, which government cannot take away

Social contract

People allow their governments to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society

American political culture

The set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that Americans share

Popular sovereignty

The idea that the government’s right to rule comes from the people

Republicanism

A system in which the government’s authority comes from the people through their representatives

Inalienable rights

Rights the government cannot take away

Liberty

Social, political, and economic freedoms

Participatory democracy

A theory that widespread political participation is essential for democratic government

Civil society groups

Independent associations outside the government’s control

Pluralist theory

A theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking process

Elitist theory

A theory of democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process

Political institutions

The structure of government, including the executive, legislature, and judiciary

Constitutional republic

A democratic system with elected representatives in which the Constitution is the supreme law

Constitution

A document that sets out the fundamental principles of governance and establishes the institutions of government

Republic

A government ruled by representatives of the people

Articles of Confederation

A governing document that created a union of thirteen sovereign states in which the states, not the national government, were supreme

Unicameral

A one-house legislature

Shay’s Rebellion

A popular uprising against the government of Massachusetts

Constitutional Convention

A meeting attended by state delegates in 1787 to fix the Artcles of Confederation

Writ of habeas corpus

The right of people detained by the government to know the charges against them

Bills of attainder

When the legislature declares someone guilty without a trial

Ex post facto laws

Laws punishing people for acts that were not crimes at the time they were committed

Virginia plan

A plan of government calling for a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature, where more populous states would have more representation in Congress

New Jersey Plan

A plan of government that provided for a unicameral legislature with equal votes for each state

Grand committee

A committee at the Constitutional Convention that worked out the compromise on representation

Great (Connecticut) compromise

An agreement for a plan of government that drew upon both the Virginia and New Jersey Plans; it settled issues of state representation by calling for a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives appointed proportionately and a Senate appointed equally

Bicameral legislature

A two-house legislature

Three-fifths compromise

An agreement reached by delegates at the Constitutional Convention that a slave would count as three-fifths of a person in calculating a state’s representation

Compromise on importation

Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808

Separation of powers

A design of government that distributes power across institutions in order to avoid making one too powerful on its own

Checks and balances

A design of government in which each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national government and the states

Legislative branch

The institution responsible for making laws

Expressed or enumerated powers

Authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution

Necessary and proper or elastic clause

Language in Article I, Section 8, granting Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers

Implied powers

Authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers

Executive branch

The institution responsible for carrying out laws passed by the legislative branch

Judicial branch

The institution responsible for hearing and deciding cases through the federal courts

Supremacy clause

Constitutional provision declaring that the Constitution and all national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land

Amendment

The process by which changes may be made to the Constitution

Federalists

Supporters of the proposed Constitution, who called for a strong national government

Antifederalists

Those opposed to the proposed Constitution, who favored stronger state governments

Federalist Papers

A series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published between 1787 and 1788 that lay out the theory behind the Constitution

Federalist No. 51

An essay in which Madison argues that separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny

Faction

A group of self-interested people who use the government to get what they want, trampling the rights of others in the process

Federalist No. 10

An essay in which Madison argues that the dangers of faction can be mitigated by a large republic and republican government

Brutus No. 1

An Antifederalist Paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed as a republic and that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government

Federalism

A system that divides power between the national and state governments

Unitary system

A system where the central government has all the power over subnational governments

Confederal system

A system where the subnational governments have most of the power

Federal system

A system where power is divided between the national and state governments

Enumerated or expressed powers

Powers explicitly granted to the national government through the Constitution

Exclusive powers

Powers only the national government may exercise

Implied powers

Powers not granted specifically to the national government but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers

Commerce clause

Grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity

Necessary and proper clause

Grants the federal government the authority to pass laws required to carry out its enumerated powers

10th amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the national government to the states and the people; the basis of federalism

Reserved powers

Powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people

Concurrent powers

Powers granted to both states and the federal government in the Constitution

Full faith and credit clause

Constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state

Extradition

The requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was committed

Privileges and immunities clause

Constitutional clause that prevents states from discriminating against people from out of state

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that outlaws slavery

14th amendment

Constitutional amendment that provides that persons born in the United States are citizens and prohibits states from denying persons due process or equal protection under the law

15th amendment

Constitutional amendment that gave African American males the right to vote

Dual federalism

A form of American federalism in which the states and the national government operate independently in their own areas of public policy

Selective incorporation

The process through which the Supreme Court applies fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis

Cooperative federalism

A form of American federalism in which the states and the national government work together to shape public policy

Grants-in-aid

Federal money provided to states to implement public policy objectives

Fiscal federalism

The federal government’s use of grants-in-aid to influence policies in the states

Categorical grants

Grants-in-aid provided to states with special provisions on their use

Unfunded mandate

Federal requirements that states must follow without being provided with funding

Block grant

A type of grant-in-aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds

Revenue sharing

When the federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached

Devolution

Returning more authority to state or local governments

McCulloch v. Maryland

Established implied powers: Congress has the power to to create a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause, and state cannot interfere or tax it because of the Supremacy Clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

Expanded federal power over interstate commerce: Congress has broad power to regulate commerce between states, and federal law takes priority over conflicting state laws through the Supremacy Clause

Hammer v. Dagenhart

The Court ruled that Congress could not use the Commerce Clause to ban goods made with child labor because production itself was not interstate commerce

United States v. Darby Lumber Co.

Expanded federal Commerce Clause (overturned Hammer v. Dagenhart). Congress can regulate labor conditions that affect interstate commerce, including minimum wages and maximum hours

Wickard v. Filburn

Expanded Commerce Clause power: Congress can regulate even local economic activity if, when considered collectively, it could substantially affect interstate commerce

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

The Court upheld the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, ruling that Congress could prohibit racial discrimination in business because discrimination in business because discrimination in hotels affected interstate commerce

South Dakota v. Dole

Congress can use its spending power to encourage states to follow federal policies by attaching conditions to federal funding, as long as the conditions are constitutional

United States v. Lopez

Limited the Commerce Clause: Congress could not use the Commerce Clause to ban guns near schools because possessing a gun near a school was not sufficiently connected to interstate commerce

Printz v. United States

Established the anti-commandeering principle: the federal government cannot force state or local governments to carry out federal programs or enforce federal laws

United States v. Morrison

Limited Commerce Clause power: Congress could not use the Commerce Clause to create a federal civil remedy for gender-motivated violence because the action was not sufficiently related to interstate commerce

Gonzales v. Raich

Expanded Commerce Clause power: Congress can regulate even locally grown marijuana because local production could affect the larger interstate market for marijuana

NFIB v. Sebelius

The Court ruled that Congress could not force people to buy health insurance under the Commerce Clause, but the individual mandate could be upheld as a tax