Fungi and Parasites buzzwords

Pseudohyphase

Candida

Septate/aseptate

forms of hyphae seen only with mold

Cryptococcus

Capsule

Cryptococcus Neoformans

neurological issues

pigeons, not dimorphic

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar

media selective for fungi

binding to ergosterol

Polyene- Amphotericin B and nystatin

creating pores and leading to cell lysis

nephrotoxicity side effects

Conazole

inhibits ergosterol synthesis (conversion of ianosterol to ergosterol)

Ianosterol 14-a-demethylase

Echinocandin (caspofungin, micfungin)

inhibit the synthesis of 1,3 B-glucans

target is located in the cell membrane (B-D-glucan synthASE)

spaghetti and meatballs

tinea

fluoresce under UV light

Microsporum - tinea capitis

rose gardener disease, cigar shaped yeast

Sporothrix schenckii

southwest US, arid weather, spherules

Coccidioides

Broad-based budding yeast, Decaying organic matter, Mississippi and Ohio river

Blastomyces

Bird and bat droppings, Great lakes, intracellular yeast, spelunking

Histoplasmosis

noninvasive filling the lungs, 45 degree (Acute) branching hyphae

Aspergillus

invasive infection of nasal cavity (rhino), nonseptate hyphae, branching at Right angles

Mucor (Rhinocerebral zygomycosis)

affects predominately HIV pts, silver stains for cyst wall, does not grow on SDA

Pneumocystis jeroveci (carinii)

aspergillus flavus toxins, hepatotoxic (corn, peanuts, some tree nuts)

Aflotoxins

contain lysergic acid (LSD), convulsive form=salem witch trials

ergot Alkaloids

bloody diarrhea

entamoeba

diving into fresh water, netipot

naegleria fowleri

Kissing bug, cardiomyopathy, chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

smelly diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome

giardia lamblia

watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting (shit)

cryptosporidium

reversible coma

Cerebral malaria

fever, chills, sweats, headaches happening and then dissipating, over and over

uncomplicated malaria

ring form within RBCs of a blood smear, crescent shaped mature gametocyte

P. falciparum

transmission through black legged ticks, maltese cross, northeastern US

babesia microti

mouse no longer fears cats after eating cat poop, causes blindness in newborns through vertical transmission

toxoplasma gondii

most common helminths, eggs in stool, intestinal round worms

nematodes

elephantiasis (scrotal in men), infects lymphatic system, not allowing fluid to drain

wuchereria bancrofti

chrysops flies, migration through eye, no blindness

Loa loa

blackfly, microfilariae migrate to skin and eyes, african river blindness

onchocerca volvulus

travels down to foot, ingested in drinking water, takes a year to see symptoms, found in Asia and equatorial africa

dracunculus medinensis

flat, have a clam or snail intermediate infected by cercaria, opercualted eggs (hatch for the larvae to come out of)

flukes

undercooked/raw crab or crayfish, presents like TB, eggs in sputum, found in asia, africa, india, latin america, coughing up eggs that look like coffee grounds

long fluke/paragonimus westermani

direct penetration, blood flukes

Lateral spine / terminal spine

S mansoni / s haematobium

soni=side / bium = bum(end)

segmented bodies (prolottids), operculated eggs in feces, head has suckers and hooks, ribbon like

tapeworms

undercooked pork, eating the adult will have no issues, ingesting the eggs will end with cysticercosis, calcified cysticerci, neurocysticercosis

taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

bloody diarrhea, anemia, trichuris trichiura

whip worm

Ancylostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm)

Necator americanus (New world hookworm)

hook worms