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A crime is defined by ______________, human conduct, causation, harm, concurrence, mens rea, and punishment.
legality
The physical act of committing a crime is known as ______________.
Actus Reus
The act must cause ______________ or damage in order to be considered a crime.
harm
The act must result in a specific ______________ to individuals or society.
harm
The mental state or intent behind the act is referred to as ______________.
mens rea
The Consensus Model assumes a shared ______________ among society members.
moral understanding
The Conflict Model recognizes ______________ moral attitudes and conflicts within society.
diverse
According to the Integrated Definition, crime is an ______________ against society.
offense
Violent Crimes involve ______________ harm to persons.
physical
Property Crime is the most ______________ form, aimed at economic gain.
common
Public Order Crime often violates social ______________, and is often termed victimless crimes.
values
White Collar Crime has a significant ______________ impact, costing businesses trillions annually.
economic
Organized Crime involves ______________ groups engaging in illegal activities.
structured
High-Tech Crime refers to crimes committed using ______________ technology.
advanced
The purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to control crime through arrest, ______________, and punishment.
prosecution
The Criminal Justice System is composed of Police, ______________, and Corrections.
Courts
Local and County Law Enforcement primarily handles ______________ policing.
everyday
Federal Law Enforcement operates ______________, including agencies like the FBI and DEA.
nationwide
The U.S. has a dual ______________ system: one federal and 50 state systems.
court
Probation is the most common treatment, allowing community ______________.
supervision
Incarceration leads serious crimes to ______________, while minor crimes lead to jail.
prison
The informal criminal justice process relies on ______________ from law enforcement.
discretion
Jury trials are rare, with about ______________% of cases going to trial; most are resolved through plea bargaining.
5
Herbert Packer’s Crime Control Model emphasizes the role of _____________ in protecting society from crime.
law enforcement
The Due Process Model prioritizes ______________ rights and protections against government power.
individual
Calls for reform in policing were sparked by the killing of ______________.
George Floyd
The focus on preventing ______________ emerged after the 9/11 attacks.
terrorism
The U.S. prison population increased by ______________% from 1980 to 2008.
500
Over $80 billion is spent annually on ______________ and prisons.
jails
Constitutional Law is based on the U.S. Constitution and state ______________.
constitutions
Statutory Law refers to laws passed by ______________ bodies.
legislative
Excuse defenses apply when the defendant lacks the mental power to form ______________.
intent
Substantive Criminal Law defines ______________ acts.
punishable
The Fourth Amendment protects against ______________ searches and seizures.
unreasonable
The Eighth Amendment prohibits ______________ bail and cruel punishments.
excessive
The Fifth Amendment ensures due ______________ and protection against self-incrimination.
process
The Sixth Amendment guarantees rights to a ______________ trial and legal representation.
speedy
___________ defenses admit to the act but argue it was necessary, such as self-defense.
Justification
The Decarceration Movement aims to reduce ______________ rates due to economic factors.
incarceration
______________ crimes using technology are classified as high-tech crime.
Crimes
The Criminal Justice System aims to maintain ______________ and fairness in society.
justice
Dual sovereignty allows for trials in both __________________ and state jurisdictions.
federal
The most frequent type of release from incarceration is called ______________.
parole
Discretion in criminal justice can lead to ______________, affecting fairness.
pitfalls
Elements of a crime include criminal act (Actus Reus), mental state (Mens Rea), causation, and ______________.
harm
Crimes are classified as felonies or ______________.
misdemeanors
First-degree murder is considered ______________, while second-degree murder involves reckless disregard.
premeditated
