Chapters 1&3

A crime is defined by ______________, human conduct, causation, harm, concurrence, mens rea, and punishment.

legality

The physical act of committing a crime is known as ______________.

Actus Reus

The act must cause ______________ or damage in order to be considered a crime.

harm

The act must result in a specific ______________ to individuals or society.

harm

The mental state or intent behind the act is referred to as ______________.

mens rea

The Consensus Model assumes a shared ______________ among society members.

moral understanding

The Conflict Model recognizes ______________ moral attitudes and conflicts within society.

diverse

According to the Integrated Definition, crime is an ______________ against society.

offense

Violent Crimes involve ______________ harm to persons.

physical

Property Crime is the most ______________ form, aimed at economic gain.

common

Public Order Crime often violates social ______________, and is often termed victimless crimes.

values

White Collar Crime has a significant ______________ impact, costing businesses trillions annually.

economic

Organized Crime involves ______________ groups engaging in illegal activities.

structured

High-Tech Crime refers to crimes committed using ______________ technology.

advanced

The purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to control crime through arrest, ______________, and punishment.

prosecution

The Criminal Justice System is composed of Police, ______________, and Corrections.

Courts

Local and County Law Enforcement primarily handles ______________ policing.

everyday

Federal Law Enforcement operates ______________, including agencies like the FBI and DEA.

nationwide

The U.S. has a dual ______________ system: one federal and 50 state systems.

court

Probation is the most common treatment, allowing community ______________.

supervision

Incarceration leads serious crimes to ______________, while minor crimes lead to jail.

prison

The informal criminal justice process relies on ______________ from law enforcement.

discretion

Jury trials are rare, with about ______________% of cases going to trial; most are resolved through plea bargaining.

5

Herbert Packer’s Crime Control Model emphasizes the role of _____________ in protecting society from crime.

law enforcement

The Due Process Model prioritizes ______________ rights and protections against government power.

individual

Calls for reform in policing were sparked by the killing of ______________.

George Floyd

The focus on preventing ______________ emerged after the 9/11 attacks.

terrorism

The U.S. prison population increased by ______________% from 1980 to 2008.

500

Over $80 billion is spent annually on ______________ and prisons.

jails

Constitutional Law is based on the U.S. Constitution and state ______________.

constitutions

Statutory Law refers to laws passed by ______________ bodies.

legislative

Excuse defenses apply when the defendant lacks the mental power to form ______________.

intent

Substantive Criminal Law defines ______________ acts.

punishable

The Fourth Amendment protects against ______________ searches and seizures.

unreasonable

The Eighth Amendment prohibits ______________ bail and cruel punishments.

excessive

The Fifth Amendment ensures due ______________ and protection against self-incrimination.

process

The Sixth Amendment guarantees rights to a ______________ trial and legal representation.

speedy

___________ defenses admit to the act but argue it was necessary, such as self-defense.

Justification

The Decarceration Movement aims to reduce ______________ rates due to economic factors.

incarceration

______________ crimes using technology are classified as high-tech crime.

Crimes

The Criminal Justice System aims to maintain ______________ and fairness in society.

justice

Dual sovereignty allows for trials in both __________________ and state jurisdictions.

federal

The most frequent type of release from incarceration is called ______________.

parole

Discretion in criminal justice can lead to ______________, affecting fairness.

pitfalls

Elements of a crime include criminal act (Actus Reus), mental state (Mens Rea), causation, and ______________.

harm

Crimes are classified as felonies or ______________.

misdemeanors

First-degree murder is considered ______________, while second-degree murder involves reckless disregard.

premeditated