FRSC 340 chapter 12- narcotics, alcohol, hallucinogens, depressants, stimulants, club drugs, anabolic steriods

ntro to drugs/drug dependence w/ narcotics, alcohol, hallucinogens, depressants, stimulants, club drugs, anabolic steriods

The term narcotic is derived from

the Greek word narkotikos, which implies a state of lethargy or sluggishness

Pharmacologists classify narcotic drugs as substances that

bring relief from pain and produce sleep

Unfortunately, "narcotic" has come to be popularly associated with

any drug that is socially unacceptable

As a consequence of this incorrect usage, many drugs are improperly called

narcotics

until the early 1970s, most drug laws in the United States incorrectly designated _ as a narcotic

marijuana

Medical professionals apply the term _ to most of the drugs properly classified as narcotics

opiate

narcotic drugs are

analgesics

analgesics

drugs that relieve pain by depressing the central nervous system

The source of most analgesic narcotics is

opium, a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the poppy

Opium is _ in color

brownish

opium has a morphine content rate of

4 to 21%

Although morphine is readily extracted from opium, for reasons that are not totally known, most users prefer to use one of its derivatives

heroin

Heroin is made rather simply by

reacting morphine with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride

Heroin's high solubility in water makes its street preparation for intravenous administration

rather simple, for only by injection are heroin's effects almost instantaneously felt and with maximum sensitivity

Besides being a powerful analgesic, heroin produces a

"high" that is accompanied by drowsiness and a deep sense of well-being; however, the effect is short, generally lasting only three to four hours

Regular use of heroin—or any other narcotic drug—invariably leads to

physical dependence

_ is also present in opium, but it is usually prepared synthetically from morphine

Codeine

codeine is commonly used as

a cough suppressant in prescription cough syrup

the average purity of heroin obtained in the illicit U.S. market is approximately

35 percent

common dilutants of heroine

quinine, sugar, starch

heroin is detected in urine for _ after last use

1-4 days

heroin is detected for _ in saliva if smoked

24 hours

heroin is detected for _ in saliva if injected

1 hour

heroin is detected in the hair for

up to 90 days

heroin is detected for _ in the blood

5-7 hours

synthetic opioids are referred to as

opiates

The active ingredient in OxyContin is _, a synthetic closely related to morphine and heroin in its chemical structure

oxycodone

Because it is a legal drug that is diverted from legitimate sources, OxyContin is obtained

differently than illegal drugs

_ is another well-known synthetic opiate

Methadone

although methadone is a narcotic pharmacologically related to heroin, its administration appears to

eliminate the individual's desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects

naturally occurring opioids

morphine, codeine, opium

synthetic occurring opioids

heroin, fentanyl, methadone

alcohol is the most

abused drug

alcohol can be both _ and _ addictive with long term use

physically; psychologically

the physical affects of alcohol

it changes your brain chemistry, it makes your vision blurred, it makes your speech blurred, blood flow to your skin increases (making you lose your body temp faster), heart and blood pressure increase, kidneys produce more urine, too much alcohol in the stomach causes nausea

liver breaks down between _ ounce of alcohol per hour

0.5-1

psychological affects of alcohol

associated with reduced inhibitions, low decision making, low reaction time, and impulse control is inhibited, leads to feeling more confident, more invincible, and more risk taking

alcohol can be detected on the breath for up to _ hours

24

alcohol can be detected in the urine for _ hours

10-12

alcohol can be detected in the blood for up to _ hours

12

alcohol can be detected in saliva for

1-5 days

alcohol can be found in the hair for up to

90 days

Hallucinogens

drugs that can cause marked alterations in mood, attitude, thought processes, and perception

Perhaps the most popular and controversial member of this class of drugs is

marijuana

Marijuana is the popular name of the plant _, a weed that will grow wild in most climates

Cannabis sativa

Marijuana easily qualifies as the

most widely used illicit drug in the United States today

The marijuana preparation normally consists of

crushed leaves mixed in varying proportions with the plant's flower, stem, and seed

The plant secretes a sticky resin known as

hashish

The resinous material can also be extracted from the plant by

soaking in a solvent, such as alcohol

A potent form of marijuana is known as

sinsemilla

sinsemilla is made by

the unfertilized flowering tops of the female Cannabis plants, attained by removing all male plants from the growing field at the first sign of their appearance

The Cannabis plant contains a chemical known as _, which produces the psychoactive effects experienced by users

tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC

the most common method of administering marijuana is by

smoking either the dried flowers and leaves or various preparations of hashish as well as orally

Marijuana does not cause

physical dependency, but the risk of harm is in heavy, long-term use

heavy users of marijuana can cause

psychological dependence

marijuana is detected in the saliva and blood for

a few hours

marijuana lasts in the hair for up to

90 days

other hallucinogens

LSD, mescaline, PCP, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy)

LSD is synthesized from

lysergic acid, a substance derived from ergot (mushroom)

LSD is very

potent, as little as 25 micrograms is enough to start vivid visual hallucinations that can last for about 12 hours

LSD produces

marked changes in mood, leading to laughing or crying at the slightest provocation. Feelings of anxiety and tension

LSD does not have

physical dependence

the distribution method of LSD is

in liquid form dropped on a blotter paper

PCP is often mixed with

other drugs, such as LSD or amphetamine, and is sold as a powder ("angel dust"), capsule, or tablet, or as a liquid sprayed on plant leaves

PCP is

smoked, ingested, or sniffed

Following oral intake of moderate doses (1-6 milligrams), the user first experiences feelings of

strength and invulnerability, along with a dreamy sense of detachment

Mescaline comes from

peyote cactus

psilocin comes from

mushrooms

5-MeO-DMT

a toxin from a Sonoran Desert frog (bufo alvarius)

methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/ecstasy)-

a CNS stimulant

hallucinogens produce

visual and auditory hallucinations, as well as marked changes in mood, from laughing to crying to the slightest provocation. Feelings of strength and invincibility as well as detachment and agitation accompany use of hallucinogens

Synesthesia

the cross over of senses (tasting smell)

Depressents

drugs that slow down, or depress, the central nervous system

When alcohol enters the body's bloodstream, it quickly travels to

the brain, where it suppresses the brain's control of thought processes and muscle coordination

Barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

barbiturates suppress

the vital functions of the central nervous system

barbiturates can be described as derivatives of barbituric acid

barbituric acid

Twenty-five barbiturate derivatives are currently used in medical practice in the United States; however, five _, _, _, _, and _ tend to be used for most medical applications

amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and butabarbital

Normally, barbiturate users take these drugs

orally

The average sedative dose of barbiturals is about _

10-70 milligrams

Some barbiturates, such as _, are absorbed more slowly than others and are therefore classified as long-acting barbiturate

phenobarbital

barbiturate users prefer the faster-acting ones

secobarbital, pentobarbital, and amobarbital

When taken in prescribed amounts, barbiturates are relatively safe, but in instances of extensive and prolonged use, _ can develop

physical dependence

lthough antipsychotics and antianxiety drugs can be considered depressants, they differ from barbiturates in the extent of their

actions on the central nervous system

these drugs produce a relaxing tranquility without impairing high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep

anti-anxieties and antidepressants

anti anxiety drugs include

meprobamate (Miltown), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), and Xanax

Medical evidence shows that antianxiety drugs produce _ with repeated and high levels of usage.

psychological and physical dependency

Huffing

inhaling fumes to get high

All materials used in sniffing contain

volatile or gaseous substances that are primarily central nervous system depressants

Although _ seems to be the most popular solvent to sniff, others can produce comparable physiological effects

toluene

The usual immediate effects of sniffing are a feeling of

exhilaration and euphoria combined with slurred speech, impaired judgment, and double vision

Most experts believe that users become _ dependent on the effects achieved by sniffing

physiologically

But sniffers expose themselves to the danger of _, _, and _ damage from the chemicals they have inhaled

liver, heart, and brain

stimulants

a range of drugs that stimulate, or speed up, the central nervous system

Amphetamines

a group of synthetic drugs that stimulate the central nervous system

In the United States, the most serious form of amphetamine use stems from the

intravenous injection of amphetamine or its chemical derivative, methamphetamine

amphetamines provide

a feeling of well-being or increased alertness followed by a decrease in fatigue and loss of appetite

As the effect of the amphetamines wears off, the individual lapses into a period of

exhaustion and may sleep continuously for one or two days

A new smokable form of methamphetamine known as _ is reportedly in heavy demand in some areas of the United States

"ice"

ice is _ and produces effects similar to those of crack cocaine, but the effects last for a longer period of time

smoked