[G12] RESEARCH Q1

Research

It is a collection of data and information for the advancement of knowledge

Qualitative Research

Collects non-numerical data to understand and explain concepts, opinions, situations, or experiences. It digs into deeper explanations of how’s and why’s.

Quantitative Research

Focused o analysis of numerical data and forming conclusions from samples drawn from the population. It can also predict the future behavior of a phenomena based on existing data.

Experimental Research

Employed to identify the cause-and-effect relation between two or more variables and to assess the magnitude of effect(s) produced

Pre-experimental Research

A group, or various groups, are kept under observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. This is done if further investigation is needed for these particular groups.

Quasi-experimental Research

it seeks to find relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred. The independent variable is manipulated but the assignment of participants in a group is not random

True Experimental

It refers to any randomized experiment. It has the highest control in an experiment; thus, producing higher degree of validity in results

Non-experimental Research

It does not involve manipulation of variables to yield results

Descriptive Research

The researcher’s aim is to describe the sample and seek to answer the question “what” rather than “why”

Correlational Research

Enables researchers to determine the relationship between two or more variables.

Variables

Refer to any factor or construct that can be measured, described, controlled, or manipulated in a study

Quantitative

These are numbers from data that can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided.

Categorical

These variables represent groupings or strata.

Experimental

These are variables that may be constant, controlled, or manipulated in an experiment.

Discrete Variables

Numerical variables that can only assume countable values

Continuous Variables

Numerical variables that can assume infinite values

Dichotomous Variables

Only two variables are possible; yes/no outcomes

Nominal Variable

Numbers are used for naming or identification

Ordinal Variables

Numbers are used for ranking/order

Interval Variables

Distance between two variables are meaningful; there is “no” absolute zero

Ratio Variable

Distance between two variables are meaningful; there is “absolute zero”

Independent Variables

Variables that are manipulated to affect the outcome of an experiment

Dependent Variables

Variables that are affected when manipulating the independent variable; outcome variables

Control Variables

Variables that are not manipulated nor changed

Confounding Variables

Variables that influence both the independent and dependent variables

Background of the Study

Forms the first section of a research. It justifies the need for conducting the study and summarizes what the study aims to achieve.

Beneficiaries

These are the people or groups who will gain something from the study—such as students, teachers, or community members.

Benefits

These are the positive outcomes the research aims to bring, like improved learning, reduced stress, or better decision-making.

Statement of the Problem

Is a clear, concise description of the issue(s) that a research project seeks to address. It lays the foundation for the purpose, questions, and direction of the study.

Research Questions

Your guide for the whole research process.

Scope

Discuss to what extent the study will be explored, and what are the parameters of the study.

Limitations

These are closely related to the validity and reliability of the study. There are certain characteristics of the research design or methodology that researchers cannot control

Delimitations

Refer to what researchers have decided not to do in order to make the study more manageable and relevant to what they are trying to prove.