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A period during WWII when Dutch families were malnourished due to a blockade, serving as an example of epigenetic change. Women who were malnourished at the end of pregnancy had small children, while women who were malnourished at the beginning had normal weighted babies but they had health conditions later in life
Maternal depression
A condition in pregnant women linked to increased DNA methylation within the NR3C1 gene promoter in fetal cord blood, affecting cortisol levels in infants, thus inducing infant stress
Risks from prenatal stress
Fetal and maternal epigenetic changes and changes in structures of mothers body that support fetal development
37-42 weeks
Normal term pregnancy
32-37 weeks
Moderate to late preterm
28-32 weeks
Very preterm
Less than 28 weeks
Extremely preterm
Conceptual age
Time elapsed since moment of conception
Amniotic fluid
Protects fetus from infection, cushions movement and blows, regulates body temperature, and helps digestive and respiratory system development. Made of amniotic cells first then fetal urine
Umbilical cord
Composed of three blood vessels. One carries food and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus. Two arteries carry waste from the fetus back to the placenta.
Embryonic period
Period of time that extends from time organism becomes attached to uterus until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy, when all major organs have taken primitive shape
Fetal period
Begins 9 weeks after conception, with the first signs of the hardening of the bones and continues until birth
Proximodistal development
Development centered outward; structures near torso develop more rapidly than those in the periphery
At 8-12 weeks
When does placenta become source of nutrients for the fetus instead of the uterus lining?
Placenta
Connects to the umbilical cord through chorionic villi, where there are fingers of tissue containing networks of blood vessels that connect to the fetus’ circulatory system. The villi exchanges nurtrients for waste and filters viruses and bacteria from reaching the fetus
5-9 develops, 3-6 after birth fixed
When does cleft palate emerge and when are they repaired?
End of second trimester
When are fetal movements felt?
Fetal swallowing
activity important for the development of the gastrointestinal tract
Fetal breathing
Activity important for stimulating lung growth
Atole
Protein-rich supplement provided to Guatemalan villages that resulted in growth gains and higher cognitive test scores
Fresco
Sugary supplement provided to Guatemalan villages that resulted in shorter skinnier babies with lower cognitive test scores
Spina bifida
Involves the disruption of the complete closure of the neural tube and spin. A cause could be from folic acid deficits, which supplements can reduce the risk of.
Thalidomide
Drug used to reduce morning sickness. If taken 20-36 days after fertilization, chance of birth defects increased significantly, leading to malformations in arms and legs
Dr Kelsey
Rejected application of thalidomide in US
Congenital rubella syndrome
syndrome where baby is born with hearing loss, heart disease, and vision loss due to cataracts. Likely to occur if mother contracts rubella in first three months of pregnancy. Vaccines in 1969 dropped cases
Measles
Pregnant individuals with this virus have increased hospitalizations and pneumonia, miscarriages, still births, babies with low birth rate, and increased risk of preterm delivery
Toxic stress
Severe, frequent, prolonged stress response due to adverse events in the absence of a supportive caregiver. Disrupts brain circuitry, organ systems, metabolism, and normal physiology of the child’s biological systems
A method of holding a preterm baby in skin-to-skin contact to provide warmth and comfort, beneficial for both baby and parents. Current recommendations are to give infants this an hour a day
Massage therapy
Study done by Field showed that weight gain was greater in preterm infants that received this service
First stage of labor
Stage of birth that averages 6-12 hours and involves contractions to dilate the cervix and the fetus moving down the neck of uterus
Second stage of delivery
Stage of birth that involves delivery of the baby. Lasts half hour to an hour and is when pushing and crowning occurs. Baby exists birth canal
Third stage of expulsion
Stage of delivery where placenta and umbilical cord is pushed out
Failing to progress
Walking, napping, taking warm baths, administering oxytocin, or using forceps/a vacuum are suggested if pregnant individual is ____
A quick assessment of a newborn's health measuring appearance (color of skin), pulse (heart rate), grimace response (cries, coughs), activity (spontaneous movement, floppy?), and respiration. Tested 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth and given score of 0-2 on each item. Good health is score 8 and above
Placing and stepping
Reflex test for babies where you hold baby under arms and see if they make stepping motion. Disappears in 2 months
Sucking
Reflex for babies where they suck and object or substance in mouth
Rooting
Reflex for babies where they turn toward touch on the cheek or mouth (disappears in 4 months)
Palmer grasp
Reflex for babies where they hold an object placed in hand (disappears in 5-6 months)
Easy babies
40% of infants are in this temperament category. Babies easily adjust to new situations, quickly establish routines, and are generally cheerful/easy to calm
Difficult babies
10% of infants are in this temperament category. Babies have irregular biological functions, are irritable, and likely to react intensely and negatively to new situations or try to withdraw from them
Slow-to-warm up babies
15% of infants are in this temperament category. Babies are low in activity level and their responses are typically mild. They tend to withdraw from situations but in a calm way and require more time than easy babies to adapt
Reactivity
A measurement by infant’s initial response (physiology and behavioral) to sensory stimuli of different qualities and intensities
Extraversion/Surgency
A dimension of temperament that’s defined as positive emotionality, activity level, impulsivity, and risk-taking
Negative affectivity
A dimension of temperament that’s defined by fear, anger, sadness, and discomfort
Effortful control
A dimension of temperament that’s defined by attention shifting and focusing, perceptual sensitivity, and inhibitory and activation control
2 months
When does crying peak?
2-3 hours
How long do newborn infants spend in quiet alertness?
8-9 hours
How long do newborn infants spend in regular non-REM sleep? (full rest, little body activity, no eye movement)
8-9 hours
How long to newborn infants spend in irregular REM sleep? (irregular breathing, some eye and limb movements)
Rarely sleep more than 3 hours straight
How often to babies sleep in traditional cultures?
About 6 hours straight at 4 months
How often to babies sleep in western cultures?
Anzures et al.
Study that found that when infants engage in experiences with people of different races, it imporves recognition of other race faces
Descasper and Spence
Study that found that infants work harder to hear the familiar Dr. Seuss story that their mother read during pregnancy
The baby can discriminate
What can we conclude about preferences?
Increased interest and attention toward new and unfamiliar stimuli
Moderate discrepancy hypothesis
Infants prefer stimuli that are moderately different from what they already know
Dishabituation
When a response to a stimulus is restored after a period of habituation. It happens when something about the stimulus changes.Â
6 months
Average sitting age
9 months
Average crawling age
12-18 months
Average walking age
Affordance
The fit between one’s physical capabilities and the features of the environment that allow a particular action to be performed
Adolph platform test
A series of tests to see how infants respond to changes in slopes. Found that new walkers (12m) made risky decisions going to too steep slopes. Experienced walkers (18m) made good decisions, and so did experienced crawlers.
Note 
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