Unit 6: Cities & Urban Land-Use Patterns & Processes

city

an agglomeration of people & buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, & economics

At the global scale, where do most people live in?

cities

The large concentration of people in cities gives…

people access to goods, services, & opportunities not available in rural areas

Cities are centers of:

• political & economic power

• higher education & technology innovation

• artistic achievement

• historical records

• research & medical advances

What are the hearths of urbanization?

• Mesopotamia

• The Nile River Valley

• Indus River Valley

• The Huanan & Wei River Valleys

• Mesoamerica

• Peru

How did urbanization began?

when hunters & gathers fist clustered in permanent settlements to defend themselves & their leaders, grow crops, develop new arts & industries, cluster around sacred sites, & build places that aligned with their understanding of the universe

What were the first permanent settlements?

small agricultural villages

The First Urban Revolutions occurred…

independently in six different hearths

Fertile Crescent Urban Revolution

• archaeologists find evidence of cities

Nile River Valley Urban Revolution

• 3200 BCE

• Irrigation

• Use of social classes

• lack of walls which was an environmental decision

Indus River Valley Urban Revolution

• no signs of social classes

• houses were equal in size and had access to the same infrastructure

• thick walls

Huang He & Wei Valleys Urban Revolution

• 1500 BCE

• cities planned to coincide with the cardinal directions

• vertical structure in the middle of the city

Mesoamerica Urban Revolution

• 1100 BCE

• religious centers

• stone monuments

What do cities reflect?

the power & economic structures of the time they were built

urban morphology

the layout of a city including sizes/shapes of buildings & infrastructures

functional zonation

division of a city into regions by use or purpose

the site of a city is its…

absolute location

How is site chosen?

for its advantages in trade or defense or as a center for religious practice

the situation of a city is its…

relative location

Before European Exploration, most cities in the world were…

sites on trade routes in the interiors of continents

What does the rank-size rule state?

the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

Rank-size rule

the 2nd largest city in an area is ½ the population of the largest city & the 3rd largest city will have 1/3 of the largest city’s population

What is an example of the rank-size rule theory?

Belgium

Why does the rank-size rule theory work?

the relationship between rank & size is inherently negative

primate city definition

a country’s leading city, always disproportionally large & exceptionally expressive of the national capacity & feeling

primate city simplified definition

the largest & most economically & politically influential city

Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory

the size & locations of cities, towns, & villages, are logically, & regularly distributed

hinterland

an area of economic production that is located inland & is connected to the world by a port

Assumptions of Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory

1. the surface of the ideal region would be flat & have no physical barriers

2. soil fertility would be the same everywhere

3. population & purchasing power would be evenly distributed

4. the region would have an uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other

5. from any given city, a good or service could be sold in all direction as far from the city as might be profitable

What shape did christaller choose as the shape of trade areas?

hexagons

What do city models reveal?

the structure of the city & disservice where functions take place

What do city models show?

the combination of historic, spatial, economic, cultural, & political processes that have shaped cities in each world region

Each model of the city is a study in….

functional zonation

central business district CBD

the zone of a city where buisness cluster & around which a city

central city

urban area that is not suburban usually the older/orginal city that is surrounded by suburbs

suburb

an outlying, primarily residential area on the outskirts of a city

How does suburbanization?

lands once outside the urban area are transferred into urban areas

Characteristics of cities built during the Roman Empire:

• sited on prime trade locations like rivers or ports

• streets in the central city are narrow & winding

Characteristics of cities built during the Middle Ages

• have town centers with elaborate church on one end, a town hall on the other end, and shops around the square

Suburbs of European cities may be centers of….

commerce and residential zones that primarily house immigrants & guest workers

Whose model of cities is this?:

• At the center is the CBD (1), which is itself subdivided into several subdistricts

• The zone of transition (2) is characterized by residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light manufacturing.

• Zone 3 is a ring of closely spaced, modest homes occupied by factory workers

• Zone 4 is middle-class residences

• Zone 5 is the suburban ring

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Whose model of cities is this?:

• focused on residential patterns, explaining where the wealthy in a city chose to live.

• grows outward from the center

Hoyt Sector Model

Whose model of cities is this?:

• argued that neither the concentric rings nor the sector model adequately reflected city structure

• recognizes that the CBD was losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

edge cities

large urban areas with extensive space for offices & retail businesses on the outskirts of major cities

galactic city

a complex urban area where functions of the city are not centered in one place

Whose model of cities is this?:

• combined radial sectors and concentric zones

• two radial sectors of squatter settlements are the oldest low-income neighborhoods

• zone of maturity is the closest to the CBD and has the oldest housing and the best transportation links to the CBD.

• zone of in situ accretion is marked by constant building and rebuilding and is mainly a middle-class residential zone

• ring around the outside of the city is the zone of peripheral squatter settlements where more recent migrants from rural areas live

Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford model of South American cities

What is a common structural element common to many south american cities?

the dissymmetry sector

dissymmetry sector

the poorest areas that may not be close to regular city services or may be controlled by gangs or drug lords who run the formal economy

Whose model of cities is this?:

• show how colonial cities were often built

• a traditional CBD where commerce is conducted on streets, in stalls, and behind storefronts

• an informal and sometimes periodic market zone

• a colonial CBD

de Blij model of african cities

Whose model of cities is this?:

• focal point of the city is the old colonial port zone, which is combined with the largely commercial district that surrounds it

• no formal CBD

• the elements of the CBD are present as separate clusters surrounding the old colonial port zone: the government zone; the Western commercial zone (WC on the model); and the immigrant CBD

McGee model of Southeast Asian CitiesWHo

Who shapes the layout of cities?

individuals, governments, corporations, developers, financial leaders, and realtors

How can government planning agencies directly affect the layout of cities?

by restricting the kinds of development allowed in certain regions/zones

zoning laws

divided up the city & designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone

Cities in the global economic periphery lack…

enforceable zoning laws

Without zoning laws…

people live anywhere there is space in cities

redlining

discriminatory real estate practice that prevents minorities from getting loans to purchase homes or property in predominately white neighborhoods

How did redlining earn its name?

because governments & banks would draw “hazardous” areas in red lines

What was the effect of redlining?

grew the page gap between white people and people of color

block busting

practiced used by relators that purposely sold a house in a white neighborhoods at a low price to a black buyer. relators would then solcit white residents of the neighborhood to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going ‘down hill’ because a black person/family moved in

What did block busting produce?

white flight

white flight

movement of white people from the city & adjacent neighborhoods to the suburbs

What are governments encouraging to counter middle & upper class taxpayers from leaving the city?

commercialization of the CBD & gentrification of neighborhoods in/around the district

How are governments countering middle & upper class taxpayers from leaving the city?

cleaning streets, sidewalks, & buildings, tearing down old abandoned buildings, & building up commercial offerings & residences

What do the plans to counter middle & upper class taxpayers from the leaving the city do?

make the city look ‘attractive’ to residents and tourists

gentrification

the renewal or rebuilding of lower-income neighborhoods into middle & upper class neighborhoods

What are some cons about gentrification?

increases housing prices in the central city

displaces lower income residents because taxes and prices rise

teardowns

homes intended for suburban demolition

mcmansions

negative name for new supersized mansions

Where does the gentrification of suburbs happen?

where suburbs close to the city or connected & when homes that are smaller or older are bought with the intention of tearing the house down & building a larger house

What do people for teardowns argue?

the phenomenon solves urban sprawl by replacing existing homes with new homes, rather than converting farmland into residential lots

What do people against teardowns argue?

see the houses as too large for their lots, dwarfing the neighboring houses & destroying the character of the street by demolishing older homes on it

urban sprawl

unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, & roads over large expanses of land with little concern for urban planning

new urbanism

development urban revelation & suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of homes and jobs

New urbanists support what…

regional planning for open space, appreciate architecture, & planning, & the balanced development of jobs and housing

gated communities

fenced in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people & cars

What do gated communities provide in global periphery cities?

another layer of comfort for the cities wealthy

urban geopolitics

how cities shape & are shaped by geopolitics processes at national, regional, & global scales

node

a place where action & interaction occur

The world city is a node in globalization, reflecting…

processes that have ‘redrawn the limits on spatial interaction’

hutment factories

centers of entrepreneurship where slum residents sow clothing, recycle plastic, & cardboard, build products & produce services

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

threshold

the minimum number of people required to use a surface

market area

an area that pulls people in from surrounding areas, normally for the exchange of goods & service

why hexagons and not another shape in the Central City theory

• circles cause gaps that would not let you have access to certain services and show that people are drawn to two market areas

• squares do not show equidistance

What do companies use to determine if there is enough people in the threshold?

census data

What are site factors?

• climate

• availablity of water

• soil quality

• natural resources

What are situation factors?

• the connections between one site and another site

• river

• port

megacity

cities with 10 or more million residents

meta city

sprawling urban areas with more than 20 million residents

Where did the term ‘developed’ originate from?

the industrial revolution & the idea that technology can improve the lives of people

Most measures of development focus on one of 3 factors:

1. economic well-being

2. technology

3. production

gross national product GNP

measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods & services produced by residents of a country in a given year in & out of country

gross domestic product GDP

a calculation of the monetary value of what is produced within a country, plus income received from investments outside the country, minus income payment to other countries around the world

How do economists compare GNI’s

must standardize the data

How do economists standardize GNI data

divide it by the population of the country

per capita GNI

the GNI divided by the population of the country

What does the GNI not tell us about?

the distribution of wealth or within a country

In 2015, the UN held the Agenda for Sustainable Development. What was their main goal?

to improve condition of people in the countries with lowest standard if human development

Sustainable development Goals

No poverty

Zero hunger

Good health and well-being

Quality education

Gender equality

Clean water and sanitation

Affordable and clean energy

Decent work and economic growth

Industry, innovation, and infrastructure

Reduced inequalities

Sustainable cities and communities

Responsible consumption and production

Climate action

Life below water

Life on land

Peace, justice, and strong institutions

Partnership for the goals

What does Walt Rostow’s Modernization Model assume?

that all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development