The digestive system

medical terminology for the digestive system

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

What are the parts of the upper GI tract?

small and large intestine, rectum, and the anus

What are the parts of the lower digestive tract?

lips, tongue, teeth, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, peridontium.

What are the major structures of the oral cavity?

hard palate

anterior portion of the palate, covered by a specialized mucous membrane.

soft palate

flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing it has the role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity.

uvula

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays importance will snoring and some speech sounds.

dorsum

upper surface of the tongue

papillae

small bumps containing taste buds

lingual frenum

band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

periodontium

the structure that surrounds and supports the teeth.

gingiva

mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth.

sulcus

area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva.

dental arches

bony structures of the oral cavity

dentition

natural teeth of the upper and lower jaw

occlusion

contact between the chewing surfaces

dentin

bulk of the tooth

pulp

a rich blood supply from vessels aand nerves that provide nutrients to the tooth

parotid glands

located slightly in front of each ear salivary gland

sub lingual glands

ducts located on the floor of the mouth under tongue

submandiblar glands

located on floor of the mouth near mandible

deglutition

swallowing

epiglottis

lid like structure to prevent food from moving up the pharynx during swallowing.

lower esophageal sphincter

A muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. During swallowing it, relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach.

Regurgitating

The backwards flow of food up the esophagus

Rugae

The folds in the mucus lining the stomach these folds, allow the stomach to increase and decrease inside

Gastric juices

Made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid in the beginning of food digestion

Pyloric sphincter

The ring like muscle, at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duo denim of the small intestine

Pylorus

The narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

Duodenum

The first portion of the small intestine it extends from the pylorus to the jejunum

Jejunum

The middle portion of the small intestine, extending from the duodenum to the ileum

Ileum

The last and longest portion of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

Cecum

A pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen, it extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon

Ileocecal sphincter

The ring like muscle, that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large

Vermiform

Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

Ascending colon

Travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

Transverse colon

Passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left towards the spleen

Descending colon

Travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

Sigmoid colon

NS shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above the joints of the rectum

Rectum

The words, division of the large intestine

Anus

The lower opening of the digestive track the flow of ways through the anus is controlled by internal and external sphincters

Anorectal

Refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

Liver

Removes excess glucose from the bloodstream

Bile

It’s in the digestion of fats is a digestive juice, secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fats

BiliRubin

A pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted and bile, giving it a yellow to green color

Gallbladder

Stores concentrates of bile for later use

Anabolism

The building up a body cells or substance from nutrients

Absorption

The process, by which completely digested nutrients, is transported to the cells throughout the

Catabolism

The breaking down of body cells, or substance, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

Mastication

Chewing that breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixing it with saliva that prepares it to be swallowed

Bolus

A massive food that has been chewed, and is ready to be swallowed

Peristalsis

A series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscle at a single direction that moves the food forward in the digestive system

Emulsification

When chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile

borborygmus

The rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

Canker sore

Gray white pits around the red border in the soft tissue lining the mouth

Ulcer

An opening lesion of the skin or mucous membrane, resulting in tissue loss around the edge

chelitis

inflamation of the lips with crack like sores in the corners

cold sores

leukoplakia

abnormal white lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of cheek

stomatitis

and inflamation of the mucous in the mouth

thrush

fungal infection caused by over growth of yeast. creamy white lesions occur on the tongue and cheeks.

trismus

lock jaw

xerostomia

dry mouth

cleft lip

deep groove in lip birth deffect

cleft palate

birth defect for the palate to efficiently close

bruxism

teeth grinding

dental caries

tooth decay/ cavity

dental plaque

bacterial buildup on the teeth

edentulous

without teeth

halitosis

bad breath

malocclusion

any deviation of the position of teeth

periodontal disease

inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the teeth.

dental calculus

calcified dental plaque

gum recession

shrinking of the gingiva tissue

gingivitis

inflammation that only effects gums

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingavitis

trench mouth, caused from an abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth.

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

eosinophillic esophagitis

immune system disease where white blood cells build up in the esophagus.

gastroesophageral reflux disease

backwards flow of food from the esophagus

barretts esophagus

condition that occurs when the epithelial cells are damaged by chronic acid exsposure.

stricture

scar tissure or other damage that causes swallowing difficulties

pyrosis

heartburn

esophageal varices

enlarged swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

hiatal hernia

hernia where the portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest

gastroparesis

condition where gastric motility slows down causing delayed emptying

peptic ulcer disease

sores that effect the mucous membrane of the digestive system

gastric ulcers

peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach

duodenal ulcers

peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine

preforated ulcer

complication of peptic ulcers where the ulcer erodes through the organ wall

cachexia

physical waisting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass

failure to thrive

when an infant does not grow to as expected due to any number of reason

malabsorbtion

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from the food that passes through it

malnutrition

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or inability to to digest food

aerophagia

excessive swallowing of air while drinking or eating

dyspepsia

indigestion

emesis

vomitting

eructation

burping

hematemesis

vomiting of coagulated blood

hyperemesis

excessive vomiting that can lead to dehydration

celiac disease

an auto immune disorder characterized by a severe inability to process gluten

small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

can cause gas, upset stomach, bloating diarrhea