DAT OChem The fundamentals

sp³ 4 bonds, 0 lone pairs

tetrahedral 109.5 degrees

sp³ 3 bonds, 1 lone pair

trigonal pyramidal <109.5 degrees

sp³, 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

bent <109.5

sp² 3 bonds, 0 lone pairs

trigonal planar 120 degrees

sp² 2 bonds, 1 lone pair

bent <120 degrees

sp 2 bonds, 0 lone pairs

linear 180 degrees

IMF from weakest to strongest

LDF < dipole-dipole < hydrogen < ion ion

Bronsted lowry acid

proton donor

Bronsted Lowry base

proton acceptor

Lewis acid

electron pair acceptor

Lewis base

Electron pair donor

Arrhenius acid

H+ producer

Arrhenius base

OH- producer

Strong acids have

low Pka = high ka

Strong bases have

High pka = low ka

Carboxylic acid derivative acidity

ester < ketone < aldehyde < carboxylic acid

strong IMF’s

increase both melting point and boiling point

increased molecular size

increases mp and bp

increased branching

decreases mp and bp

increased symmetry

increases mp

CARDIO

charge

more positive charge → stronger acid

CARDIO

atom

increasing atomic radius (down a column) → stronger acid

increasing electronegativity (across row) → stronger acid

CARDIO

resonance

more resonance → stronger acid

CARDIO

dipole induction

electronegative atoms increase acidity

( for ex an atom with three F’s attached will be more acidic than one with only one)

CARDIO

orbital hybridization

more s character → stronger acid
sp > sp2 > sp3

strong base

lowest pkb = highest kb