ANT 201: Week 4

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Week4: Osteology & Forensic Anthro

80 Terms

1

Skeleton

The framework of bones in the body that provides support, movement, protection, mineral and fat storage, and blood cell formation.

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2

Bone is made up of both

Organic + Inorganic parts

collagen hydroxyapatite

  • strength + elasticity

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3

Osteocytes

Cells that deposit bone

  • 2 types

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4

Osteoclasts

Cells that absorb bone

*-clats “clans” .. you get absorbed in clan lifestyle

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5

OsteoBlasts

Cells deposit bone

*-Blasts...blast you out of here

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6

How may bones do you start with + how many bones do you end with

Start: 300

End: 260

  • bones turn over the course of your life (10 years)

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7

Diaphysis

The main length of a long bone

  • where a lot of cell production occurs

*Dia-”diaphragm expands” expands means to stretch far

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8

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone

*Epiphany.. you realize something at the end

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9

Cortical Bone

Compact bone on the outside of a long bone

  • thickest at the diaphysis

    *sounds like “critical” so its serious and on the outside

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10

Trabecular Bone

Spongy bone found inside a long bone

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11

Standard Anatomical Position

The position where palms are facing forward

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12

Axial Skeleton

The skull, ribcage, and spine

*Inside base…turning on the axis-main point

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13

Appendicular Skeleton

The limbs and appendages

  • all have pairs

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14

Cranium

The area that surrounds the brain

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15

Mandible

The jaw bone (bottom half)

  • NOT part of the craniun

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16

Maxilla

the upper part of your jaw

  • holds your teeth

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17

Mental Eminence

chin

*when you think you touch your chin

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18

Occipital Bone

The bone at the back of the skull for vision

  • protects cerebellum and occipital lobes

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19

Orbits

eye sockets

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20

Supraorbital Margin

Top of the eye socket

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21

Supraorbital Ridge

bow ridge (unibrow)

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22

What is the name of the line that runs between the frontal and parietal lobes

coronal

  • runs across the skull (wide)

*Corona our cat is always running back and forth between the room

*Corona like a crown sits along the width of your head

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23

What is the name of the line that runs on the side near the temporal lobe

temporal line

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24

What is the name of the line that runs along the length of your skull

sagittal suture

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25

What is the name of the line that runs width wise at the back of your head near occipital lobe

Lambodial suture

*Lamb- “land”...roames across the land of your head

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26

Nuchal Line

runs up your spine into your brain

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27

Foramen Magnum

spine cords gets into the cranium

*Foramen …”foreign men”..Spine is a foreign man invading into the head

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28

Temporal auditory meatus is

the external opening ti the ear canal

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29

Temporal Bone

The bone on the side of the skull

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30

Zygomatic

cheekbones

*-matic..”ecstatic” you smile really wide and it prompts your cheeks

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31

Hyoid

attachment point to the muscles that allow us to speak

  • only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate with any other

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32

Sternum

also known as the breastbone and articulates to the ribs

  • protection of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels from physical damag

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33

Ribs

articulate through the ribs 12 pairs and 24 in total

  • 1-7 Real: articulate indiv.

  • 8-10 False: share cartilage but aren’t idiv

  • 11-12 Floating: don’t articulate at all

    • some people can be born w/out the 12 rib if really small

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34

Vertebra

makes up the spinal column

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35

Cervical Vertebra : # + function

#7 and part of the neck

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36

Thoracic: #12 + function

#12 + stabalizes the ribcage

*Thor…a steady figure and support

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37

Sacrum: # + function

#5 (fused) + strengthens and stabilizes pelvis

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38

Coccyx

#4 (Fused) + is the tailbone

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39

Lumbar

#5 + make the lower back

*lumberjacks have to be big + robust to be able to chop wood (swinging engages the back)

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40

Atlas (C1) + Axis (C2)

1st + 2nd vertebre that allows us to move our head

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41

Clavicle

The collarbone

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42

Scapula

The shoulder blade

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43

Humerus

The bone in the upper arm (top arm bone)

  • gives the arm motion range w/ gelnoid fossa

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44

Ulna

forearm on the medial side (bottom)

  • closer to the body

  • fits into the olecranon fossa + creates the elbow joint

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45

Radius

forearm on the lateral side (top)

  • thumbs up is the radius side

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46

Carpals

The bones in the palm of the hand

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47

Metacarpals

The bones that lead into the fingers

  • includes knuckles

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48

Phalanges

The bones in the fingers

  • 4 fingers have 4 phalanges

  • thumb only has 2 phalanges

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49

Innominate

The hip bone “no name”

  • also known as oscoxa

  • made up of 3 parts that fuse together as you develop

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50

Illium

if you put your hands on your hips you’re touching the illium

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51

Ischium

bottom tips of your pelvis

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52

Pubis

used for sex estimation

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53

Acetabulum

connects hip bone to the femur

  • ball + socket joint

  • easier to dislocate cause it’s not the same as in your shoulder

*antebellum - before something .. before the femur

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54

Femur

The thigh bone

  • strongest bone in the body

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55

Patella

The kneecap

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56

What makes up teeth?

dentition and enamel

  • NOT bone (enamel doesn’t regenerate)

  • 4 types: incisor, canine, premolar, molar

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57

What is the human dental formula?

2-1-2-3

  • we don’t have as many teeth as other species

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58

Incisor

A type of tooth used for cutting

*incision —> surgery cutting

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59

Canine

A type of tooth used for tearing

*canine → dog → security dog would tear you to shreds

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60

Premolar

A type of tooth used for grinding

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61

Molar

A type of tooth used for grinding

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62

Forensic Anthropology

The application of anthropological principles to medico-legal investigations, particularly using knowledge of human osteology.

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63

General Archaeological Rule (#of years)

50+ years makes it archaeological

  • flexible

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64

Biological Profile

Estimating

  • sex

  • age at death

  • stature

  • population affinity of an individual from skeletal remains.

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65

Pathology

anything that happens after death

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66

Sex Estimation

Determining the biological sex of an individual based on skeletal characteristics.

Non-metric: [morphological] 

Metric: [measurements]

  • pelvis

  • skull

  • jaw

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67

What do we look at when we’re estimating sex?

the innominate

Works on a scale: 1-5

       - Females closer to 1, males closer to 5

          Females  <—--------------------> Males

  •  the contour [curve] of the innominate (pelvis hip)

  • males have more of a ‘V’ shape

    *v-line

  • while females have a ‘U’ shape

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68

What’s another thing that we can look at to estimate sex

the skull

  • 1-5 scale     

  • Males have a more robust skull

    → eyebrow ridge protrudes

    → as well as the back the head sticks out more w/ a slight hook

  • Females are more gracile

    → smoother eyebrow ridge, and compacted skull

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69

Eruption

teeth gorwing in

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70

Age Estimation

Determining the age at death of an individual based on skeletal characteristics

  • pelvis

  • teeth

  • rib ends

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71

Stature Estimation

Estimating the height of an individual based on skeletal measurements

  • Use certain tools: osteometric boars and calipers

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72

Trauma

Indicates injuries suffered

  • whether or not associated with death

  • May reflect day-to-day life or interpersonal injury

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73

Blunt Force Trauma

Injuries caused by a wide area of impact

  • hammer

  • car accident

Features: radiating fracture [grow out from area of impact]

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74

Sharp Force Trauma

Injuries caused by a small area of impact

  • cutting

  • stabbing

examine cut marks

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75

Projectile Trauma

Injuries caused by an object moving through the air

  • gunshots

  • arrows

  • spears

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76

Gunshot Wounds (GSW)

Trauma caused by a gunshot

  • identified by beveling, size, and irregularity of edges

also often has radiating fractures

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77

Antemortem Trauma

Trauma before death is identified through signs of healing.

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78

Postmortem Trauma

Trauma that occurs after death and is identified through taphonomic alterations.

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79

Taphonomy

alteration after death

ex: vultures eating a dead carcas or a body being moved

  • Dry bone

  • look for staining, jagged rough edges, irregular patterns

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80

Perimortem

around the time of death —> a few days or hours before

  • Identified by “green” wet bone

  • look for radiating fractures, uniform coloration, bone tear, sharp edges

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