Biology - Cell Organelles

Cells

Basic unit of all living things, STRUCTURE AND SUPPORT growth, development, reproduction, waste removal

Cell theory

Fundamental biological principle, all living organisms are composed of cells, all cells arise from pre-existing cells. Provides framework for modern biology

Cell membrane

Thin flexible barrier, separates interior from the exterior environment, regulate the passage of substances

Nucleus

Large membrane, enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA, (CONTROLS CENTER OF CELL) control center of eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotes

Enclose DNA in nuclei, housing genetic material in nucleus, generating energy through cellular respiration in mitochondria, synthesizing proteins. (Compartmentalization)

Prokaryotes

Do not enclose DNA in nuclei, nutrient cycling, decomposition, food digestion, immune system training. (BACTERIA)(EVERYTHING NEEDED FOR LIFE)

Cytoplasm

Portion of cell outside the nucleus, host the cellular processes essential for cell survival.

Organelles

Specialized organs, “little organs”, energy production, protein synthesis, waste disposal. (All crucial for survival of cell)

Ribosomes

Small particles of RNA + protein found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes), translate genetic code, create enzymes and hormones from RNA and DNA.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of membranes within eukaryotic cells that functions in protein and lipid synthesis and transport ,rough ER=processes and folds proteins, smooth ER=synthesizes lipids, stores calcium, detoxifies

Golgi apparatus

Stack of flattened membranes, “post office” receiving proteins and lipids processing them and sending to proper locations.

Vacuoles

Large saclike enclosed structures (membrane), STORE MATERIALS *WATER,SALT,PROTEIN,CARBS

Cystoskeleton

Certain parts help transport materials to different parts of the cell, maintain cells shape, hold organelles in place, enable various forms of transport and movement.

Chloroplast

Biological equivalent of solar power plants, energy production through photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Power plants of the cell (“power house”), generate energy, break down food (chemical energy) into compounds.

Cell wall

Most prokaryotes, produce strong layer around the cell membrane, preventing excessive water intake, maintain cells shape shape. (SUPPORT,SHAPE,PROTECT)

Lipid Bilayer

Gives cell membranes flexible structure that forms strong barrier between cell and surroundings, create a selectively permeable barrier that separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment

Lysosomes

Small organelles filled with enzymes, break down organelles that outlived their usefulness, break down worm out or excess cell parts, BREAK DOWN LIP,CARB,PRO INTO SMALL MOLECULES FOR CELL

Selectively permeable

Some substances can pass across them while others cannot, maintaining homeostasis.

Centrioles

protein structures involved in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella

Vesicle

membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell

Nucleus

the control center of the cell

Vacuole

Central Vacuole (Plants)

storage (larger in plants to store water)

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

transports proteins, makes phospholipids & detoxifies poisons

Golgi

(AKA Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Bodies, Golgi Complex)

packages and transports proteins, like UPS, adds carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

Free Ribosome

makes protein in cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Makes ATP energy

Cell Wall

structure and support, found in plant, fungus, and bacteria cells, the rigid outer layer

Lysosome

digests and recycles; found only in animal cells

Cell Membrane

Plasma Membrane

controls what goes in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

the jelly-like part of the cell

Chloroplast

does photosynthesis, makes sugar from carbon dioxide and the sun; found only in plant cells

Chromosomes

made of hereditary material

Centrioles

helps in cell division, only found in animal cells near nucleus

Nucleolus

makes ribosomes

Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

transports proteins

Attached Ribosome

makes protein on Rough ER

Cytoskeleton

A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

Cilia

Hair-like projections on the cell surface used for locomotion or the movement of fluid over a cell.

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles