Dispensing2-Chapter8.1-LectureNotes-1

Pharmacological agents

Substances used in the prevention and treatment of disease.

Toxicity

The potential of drugs to cause harmful side effects or adverse reactions.

On-target effects

Unintended pharmacological responses occurring when drugs bind to their intended molecular targets.

Off-target effects

Adverse reactions caused by drug interactions with unintended targets.

Diphenhydramine

An antihistamine that can cause sedation by antagonizing H1 receptors in the CNS.

Statins

Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors used to lower cholesterol.

H1 Receptors

Receptors found in the brain and other tissues involved in allergic responses.

Cardiac potassium channel

A channel that can be inhibited by drugs at high concentrations, leading to life-threatening arrhythmias.

Fexofenadine

An antihistamine, active metabolite of Terfenadine, used to treat allergies.

Thalidomide

A drug that exists as a racemic mixture of two isomers, one being a sedative and the other a teratogen.

Bioactivation

Metabolic activation of drugs that results in the formation of toxic metabolites.

Acetaminophen

A medication metabolized by the liver that can produce a toxic metabolite, NAPQI, resulting in hepatotoxicity.

N-acetylcysteine

An antidote used for acetaminophen overdose, protecting the liver.

Isoniazid

An antibiotic that can produce toxic metabolites, leading to liver damage in susceptible individuals.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Inappropriate or exaggerated immune responses to antigens or allergens.

Type I hypersensitivity

Immediate hypersensitivity that is IgE mediated, resulting in allergies and anaphylaxis.

Degranulation

The release of histamine and other vasoactive substances from mast cells and basophils upon re-exposure to an allergen.

Anaphylaxis

A severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

Rhesus antigens

Blood group antigens that can trigger autoimmune hemolytic anemia when targeted by immune responses.

Autoimmune reactions

Responses where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.

Idiosyncratic reactions

Unpredictable adverse effects in a small subset of patients, often due to genetic differences.

Operation of drug metabolism

The process through which drugs are metabolized, potentially yielding toxic products.

Opsonization

The coating of cells with antibodies to promote phagocytosis.

Antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction

A process in which antibodies interfere with normal cellular functions.

Soluble antigens

Antigens present in circulation that can form immune complexes.

Type III hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity where antibody-antigen complexes deposit in tissues.

Contact dermatitis

A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to substances such as nickel or latex.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

T cell-mediated response resulting in inflammation after re-exposure to an antigen.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Enzymes involved in drug metabolism that can activate drugs into toxic metabolites.

Histamine

A potent vasoactive molecule released during allergic reactions.

Sodium channels

Ion channels that can be affected by drugs, causing various side effects.

Peripheral neuropathy

A complication that may result from depletion of vitamin B6 due to drug metabolism.

Rhabdomyolysis

A condition caused by muscle breakdown, potentially linked to statin use.

Vasoconstriction

Constriction of blood vessels, possibly induced by certain off-target drug effects.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units, which can occur due to drug-induced hypersensitivity.

Serum sickness

A type III hypersensitivity reaction involving immune complex deposition.

Graves Disease

An autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies against thyroid proteins.

Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disorder that affects neuromuscular transmission.

Drugs involved in hypersensitivity

Common medications associated with allergic reactions include penicillins and methyldopa.

Hydralazine

A medication that can induce a lupus-like syndrome as an adverse effect.

Autoantibodies

Antibodies that mistakenly target and react with a person's own tissues.

Ocular toxicity

Potential eye damage resulting from drug exposure or systemic effects.

Nephrotoxicity

Kidney damage induced by the toxic effects of various drugs.

Peripheral neuromuscular effects

Adverse effects impacting muscle and nerve function, potentially due to drugs.

Environmental triggers

External factors that can enhance or trigger hypersensitivity reactions.

Medication monitoring

Regular assessment of liver function or other organ systems during drug therapy.

Pharmacogenetics

The study of how genetic variations affect individual responses to drugs.

Drug-drug interactions

Situations where one drug affects the activity or metabolism of another drug.