Ch.+6+Review+Game

Which taste sensation indicates potential poisons?

Bitter

What nerve cells in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex respond to a scene’s specific visual features?

a) feature enhancers

b) feature enablers

c) feature responders

d) feature detectors

d) Feature detectors

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, which of the following is NOT one of the three colors our cones detect? a) red. b) yellow. c) green d)blue

b. yellow

What is the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time? a) priming. b)subliminal. c) absolute threshold. d) difference threshold

Absolute threshold

Which dimension of color is determined by the wavelength of light? a) wavelength. B) amplitude. c) intensity. d) hue

Hue

What is a binocular cue of depth perception? a) interposition b) linear perspective. c) retinal disparity. d)light and shadow

Retinal disparity

Perception claims that _______ cannot occur apart from sensory input. a) telepathy. b) precognition. c) cognition. d) clairvoyance

Cognition

Which of the following statements is true regarding how we discriminate pitch? a) place theory best explains how we sense low pitches b) frequency theory best explains how we sense high pitches. c) a combo of plac and frequency theories explains how we sense intermediate pitches

A combination of place and frequency theories explains how we sense intermediate pitches.

Which part of the retina has no receptor cells?

Blind spot

By what process do our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment? a) sensation. b)percption c) transduction. d) extrasensory perception

Sensation

True or False: negative emotion diminishes perception.

False: Negative emotion colors perception it does not diminish it.

_______ is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another? a) primed grouping b)oddball effect. c)perceptual set. d)sensational set

Perceptual set

______ is the effect in which exposure to a stimuli subconsciously influences a later response? a)priming. b) subliminal c)transduction. d) extrasensory perception

Priming

______ is the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis? a) extraterrestrial psychology. b) parapsychology c) phenomapsychology d)abnormal psychology

Parapsychology

In one study, researchers subliminally flashed a pleasant or unpleasant image on a screen to test whether primed image can activate unconscious associations. Participants consciously perceived the images only as flashes of light. How can researchers ensure, in a study like this one, that their use of deception is ethical?

1. fully debrief participants after the experiment, clearly explaining the purpose of the study, including the use of deception, and allow participants to withdraw their response(s) if they feel uncomfortable with the deception used

2. researchers should carefully design the study to minimize any potential psychological harm and and obtain informed consent that clearly outlines the possibility of deception

How has research on pain and placebos supported the general idea that “pain is in the brain”? (Look back at your reading notes)

1. it demonstrates that the brain actively interprets and modulates pain signals, even when a physical stimulus is absent

   1. placebo effect—>where a person experiences pain relief despite receiving an inert treatment, indicating that the brain's perception of pain can be influenced by psychological factors and expectations (experience of pain is not solely dependent on physical stimuli but is heavily influenced by the brain's interpretation of that stimuli)

In a series of nine famous ESP studies, psychologist Daryl Bem seemed to show people anticipating future events. In one of these studies, participants were able to guess where a scene would appear 53.1% of the time. What are some arguments for AND against the idea that these studies suggest the existence of ESP?

Argument for:

1. Bem's studies were conducted in a controlled, well-designed experimental environment, and he used multiple replications across different studies. The consistency of the results across these studies would add credibility to his findings.

2. If the effect is real, Bem's results would challenge current scientific understanding of how time and cognition work, particularly the notion that our ability to perceive events is strictly confined to the present and past. This has the potential to expand our understanding of consciousness and perception

Against:

1. Placebo Effect or Expectation (hindsight) Bias: The belief that one has a special or psychic ability may create a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading people to give answers that feel "right" or "lucky," even if their predictions are not actually based on any paranormal source.

2. Small Effect Size: A 53.1% success rate is only a slight improvement over random guessing (which would result in 50%). Critics argue that such a small effect, even if statistically significant, is not compelling evidence for ESP because it could easily be attributed to methodological issues, such as small sample sizes or statistical artifacts.