Migration, Identity and Sovereignty EQ1

define diaspora

the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland

what change has globalisation caused in the global economic system in terms of the pattern of demand for labour?

shift of manufacture to lowest cost location = SE Asia

how do global systems encourage rural to urban migration within countries?

introduction of mechanised agriculture and land grabs and agribusiness eg Brazil (frees farmers from labour)

pull factors: investment into urban areas (SEZs)

what is the general core-periphery model

uneven spatial distribution of population and wealth between regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment

what are the different views on the core-periphery model?

leads to disparities to increase vs backwash balanced out by ‘trickle down’ of wealth

what is backwash in terms of development?

flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions

where is an example of how global systems have encouraged rural-urban migration?

China’s open door policy - authorising more free movement (although most countries have unrestricted internal migration)

where is an example of how global systems have encouraged international migration between countries?

EU - 1995 Schengen agreement = passports did not have to be shown at borders so 14 million EU citizens now live in another member state

the risks of free movement of people has caused some countries to do what? + eg

to reintroduce internal border controls temporarily eg 2016 Denmark to stop Russians fleeing conscription

what are the criticisms of free movement of people between states?

fear of terrorism

migrant cheap labour undercutting wages

facilitates smuggling

what is the core of the international core-periphery model?

NW Europe

how much of the global population live outside their country of birth?

3-4%

why does the proportion of foreign-born migrants vary between countries?

different international migration policies and levels of engagement with the global economy

which type of economies have the most foreign-born migrants?

more developed economies with open-border policies

describe and explain the migration policies of Japan

closed door policy to immigration -

what is the impact of migration policies of Japan? solutions to stop from becoming more open door?

workforce is shrinking → increased healthcare costs and lower standard of living

population is ageing

what solutions does Japan suggest to prevent themselves from becoming more ‘open door’?

robotic workers, encouraging retired to work, reducing maternity leave

what is one statistic that illustrates Japanese feelings towards migration?

only 1 in 7 people support increasing immigration

describe and explain the migration policies of Singapore

open door: attracting labour due to being a British colony in the past and being an Asian Tiger economy

2 facts to show the presence of immigrants in Singapore?

international schools for the children of foreign workers

28% non-resident population in 2022

the rules for different immigration workers in Singapore?

low skilled workers: transient workforce by visa regime

skilled workers: less restrictive work permits, permanent residency after 2 years

the pattern of international migration is changing due to events that affect both host and source countries.

Environmental events + examples?

climate change → climate refugees eg Syria’s refugee crisis partly due to desertification impacting agriculture and intensifying rural poverty

natural hazards forcing people to move eg 2010 Haiti earthquake

how many Haitians were displaced by the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

300,000

the pattern of international migration is changing due to events that affect both host and source countries.

Economic events + examples?

global financial crisis 2007/08 → net migration from Poland fell to its lowest level since the 1950s

labour shortage - Windrush 1945: Afro-Caribbean migrants arriving from W Indies (UK receiving labour from the Commonwealth)

the pattern of international migration is changing due to events that affect both host and source countries.

Political events + examples?

political regime changes/instability can prompt groups to flee eg Afghanistan overtaken by Taliban (2021)

government corruption eg 13 000 Albanian migrants to the UK (mainly working men) in 2022, half of which came in small boats

changing trade blocs eg UK leaving the EU

what is the result of events in host and source countries?

flows of voluntary economic migrants, refugees and asylum seekers

what are voluntary economic migrants?

migrants that move to another country to improve their standard of living

what is a refugee?

forced to flee their country due to persecution/war/violence and are granted ‘refugee status’ in the host country as a result

what is an asylum seeker?

migrants that flee their country and want sanctuary in the host country, but their claim has not been decided yet

why do refugees usually move short distances? + eg

lack of funds, move isn’t usually intended to be permanent

eg USA to Mexico

what model illustrates how refugees usually move short distances?

Distance Decay Model (distance and interactions are inversely proportional)

what type of country sends the most people to developed nations?

emerging countries that are relatively poor but have education and mobility

why do most migrants move?

economic migration

to rejoin family members eg post-colonial migrant flows

displacement of refugees to conflict and poverty

persecution

in 2021, how many Syrian refugees were displaced?

6\.7 million

an example of persecution causing migration? impact on the host country?

Rohingya Muslims: Myanmar → Bangladesh, denied citizenship in Myanmar since 1982

impact = Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh, 1.24 million people so Bangladesh planning to force them to relocate to a cyclone-prone island

describe Mediterranean migration (illegal migration to Europe)

migrants from the Middle East arriving in Italy 2016 5000 per day

response of NGOs to Mediterranean migration?

2020 - UN rescued 400 refugees off of 3 ships

response of Germany to Mediterranean migration?

Angela Merkel opening up to Syrian asylum seekers 2015 BUT anti-immigration protests and 2018 departure of Angela Merkel

when is economic efficiency maximised?

free trade (goods) + deregulated financial markets (capital) + open-borders (labour) across international borders

what is an international example of free movement posing challenges? + however

Poland: now has the lowest foreign born pop. % of any EU state, remittances help compensate for labour loss BUT long term unsustainable as children of migrants send less money back

however, net migration has become positive since Brexit as people return

how does free movement cause tensions in the host country?

loss of sovereignty

how does loss of free movement cause challenges (in the UK)?

UK leaving the EU - UK record job vacancies eg HGV driver although skilled worker visas put in place to help

why is the movement of labour unrestricted within many nations (+ the EU)?

to ensure efficient allocation of resources

freedom of movement is regarded as a fundamental right in a democracy

where is one instance of restricted movement of labour in a country?

China (Hukou system)

describe one example of free movement at a national scale

UK - N/S drift + return to city centre living by graduates

when especially does the rate of assimilation vary?

when there are distinctive ethnic differences

5 reasons why the rate of assimilation of migrants varies between countries?

openness of government policies (‘melting pot’?)

ability to speak the language - can participate in the community / gain employment

differences in religion

far right nationalist groups

amount of time as a resident in the host nation

an example of improved assimilation?

Germany bad with male Turkish migrants in the 60s - no help in learning language or skills → 3 million Turks struggling today

BUT 2015 Syrian refugee crisis - new migrants now given 600 hours mandatory language lessons

an example of tensions over assimilation?

Netherlands 2019 burqa ban for Muslims

what is a statistic to support the influence of SEG on perception of international migration?

68% of low SEGs agree with the idea that the UK is running out of space vs 50% of high SEGs

what is a statistic to support the influence of age on perception of international migration?

Brexit - 60% of 65+ age group voted leave vs only 27% of 18-24 year olds

what is a statistic to support the influence of type of migrant on perception of international migration?

2010 - 72% of the UK public said that healthcare workers would be more welcome

other 4 factors impacting perception of international migration?

source country, history, recent events, role of the media

what caused rejection of immigration to gain traction?

ascent of the populist candidates in the Republican presidential race (Trump)

what 5 (general) events have in the past created political tensions in the UK?

terrorist attacks, global recession, refugee crises → rise of far right groups, Brexit, immigration controls

why are people migrating from Mexico to the US?

pull factor: economic migration for better wages to send remittances

push factor: drought and gang violence eg in El Salvador

between 2000 and 2010, the US Hispanic population increased by how much?

43%

a fact to show increasing rejection of Mexican migrants by the US?

harder to gain a green card (permanent resident card) for lawful permanent resident status

what famous proposition in opposition of Mexican immigration illustrates political tensions between Mexico and the US?

Trump proposing a border wall - supported by 45% of 2016 Americans

Trump shutdown US government to urge passing federal funding bills for the wall (2018)

what is one reason why US citizens often have different views on migration?

spatial distribution of unauthorised workers is highly uneven so impacts some communities more than others (Texas and California)